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By
B.Gowtham,
Civil dept.
C.Abdul Hakeem College of Engineering and Technology,
Melvisharam.


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What are nanomaterials?
Nano = 10-9 or one billionth in size
Materials with dimensions and tolerances in the range of 100 nm to 0.1 nm
Metals, ceramics, polymeric materials, or composite materials
One nanometer spans 3-5 atoms lined up in a row
Human hair is five orders of magnitude larger than nanomaterials

Nanomaterial Composition
Comprised of many different elements such as carbons and metals
Combinations of elements can make up nanomaterial grains such as titanium carbide and zinc sulfide
Allows construction of new materials such as C60 (Bucky Balls or fullerenes) and nanotubes

Properties of C60 and its derivatives
Black crystalline solid, thermally stable up to 400 C
Very difficult to oxidize
Doped with alkali metals: conductor and superconductor
Fluorescence
Acceptors of electrons and electronic energy

Bucky Ball properties
Arranged in pentagons and hexagons
A one atom thick seperation of two spaces; inside the ball and outside
Highest tensile strength of any known 2D structure or element, including cross-section of diamonds which have the highest tensile strength of all known 3D structures (which is also a formation of carbon atoms)
Also has the highest packing density of all known structures (including diamonds)
Impenetrable to all elements under normal circumstances, even a helium atom with an energy of 5eV (electron Volt)

Nanotube properties
Superior stiffness and strength to all other materials
Extraordinary electric properties
Reported to be thermally stable in a vacuum up to 2800 degrees Centigrade (and we fret over CPU temps over 50o C)
Capacity to carry an electric current 1000 times better than copper wires
Twice the thermal conductivity of diamonds
Pressing or stretching nanotubes can change their electrical properties by changing the quantum states of the electrons in the carbon bonds
They are either conducting or semi-conducting depending on the their structure
Nanotube uses
Can be used for containers to hold various materials on the nano-scale level
Due to their exceptional electrical properties, nanotubes have a potential for use in everyday electronics such as televisions and computers to more complex uses like aerospace materials and circuits
Applications of Nanomaterials
Next-generation computer chips
Ultra-high purity materials, enhanced thermal conductivity and longer lasting nanocrystalline materials
Kinetic Energy penetrators (DoD weapon)
Nanocrystalline tungsten heavy alloy to replace radioactive depleted uranium
Better insulation materials
Create foam-like structures called aerogels from nanocrystalline materials
Porous and extremely lightweight, can hold up to 100 times their weight
Improved HDTV and LCD monitors
Nanocrystalline selenide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, and lead telluride to replace current phosphors
Cheaper and more durable
Harder and more durable cutting materials
Tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide, and titanium carbide
Much more wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant than conventional materials
Reduces time needed to manufacture parts, cheaper manufacturing

Even more applications
High power magnets
Nanocrystalline yttrium-samarium-cobalt grains possess unusually large surface area compared to traditional magnet materials
Allows for much higher magnetization values
Possibility for quieter submarines, ultra-sensitive analyzing devices, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or automobile alternators to name a few
Pollution clean up materials
Engineered to be chemically reactive to carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide
More efficient pollution controls and cleanup
Still more applications
Greater fuel efficiency for cars
Improved spark plug materials, railplug
Stronger bio-based plastics
Bio-based plastics made from plant oils lack sufficient structural strength to be useful
Merge nanomaterials such as clays, fibers and tubes with bio-based plastics to enhance strength and durability
Allows for stronger, more environment friendly materials to construct cars, space shuttles and a myriad of other products