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Air Traffic
By Chris Van Horn
Basics
Airways
Airspace
Air Traffic Control
Airways
Referred to as highways in the sky because very much like the national highway system
Like streets most airways bidirectional, but some are one way
Most pilots flying without visual reference to the ground use them
Low(1,200-18,000)/High(18,000-45,000) Altitude
Prop Planes Victor airways
Jets - Jetways
Airspace
Airspace All open sky covering the United States from less than one inch to outer space
Restrictions from A-G A being most restrictive
A (18,000-60,000 feet) - populated mostly jets traveling long distances
B to D surround airports with control towers and are shaped like funnels
E is around small airports with no control tower
G is everything else
SUA special use airspace
Air Traffic Control
Vast majority of flights not handled by ATC
Handled by
Control Towers (ATCTs)
Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs) 21 in US
Flight Plans
Not necessary for VFR flights Just have to let them know basics in case of disappearance
IFR flight rules get allocated airspace that it has exclusive access to for the length of the flight
Air Traffic Controllers
Each ATCSCC split up into about 20 sectors with one controller per sector
Each controller can talk to 25-30 aircraft depending on the sector
Controllers main job is to keep planes separated
5 nm horizontally, 2000 feet vertically
Can make any changes to plane s flight plan to maintain separation

Control Hierarchy
Lagrangian Air Traffic Flow Model
Lagrangian accounts for the trajectories of the aircraft and the parameters transported along them (momentum, average speed)
Model used to study the effects of aircraft flow density requirements at sector boundaries
Can be used to
How current system may react to imposed flow conditions
Test new controller policies in minimizing delays
Air Traffic Flow Modeling
This model is only concerned with predicting delays so not everything is taken into account (Altitude Changes)
Motion of aircraft i defined by:

ATC Required Aircraft Maneuvers
Overflow prevention maneuvers required by ATC
ATC can modify the velocity of the aircraft
Aircraft may be required to leave course and then return immediately back to the original course
Shortcut/Detour sometimes aircraft required to cut between jetways, can increase or decrease total flight time
Holding pattern a plane is forced to stay in one section before letting it return to its original flight plan

Air Traffic Flow Modeling Continued
Air Traffic Jams
Most air traffic jams caused by restrictions imposed at destination airports
Usually driven by weather or airport congestion
This congestion can cause backups throughout the entire network like a domino effect
Traffic Jam Propagation
Merging flow of airplanes
Assume all airplanes are initially traveling at their maximum velocity
Determining Edge of Traffic Jam
Traffic Jams Continued
Traffic Jam Predictions
Using the previous equations we can compute when a sector will become backed up based on how airplanes are flowing in to the sector and how fast they are leaving the sector
Also able to predict conditions when air space congestion can not be treated by a single sector
FACET
Future ATM Concepts Evaluation Tool
Simulation analysis tool developed by NASA
Flexible simulation environment
Allows NASA to quickly simulate the effects of new air traffic management algorithms
CARAT
Built on top of FACET to analyze the affect of space launch and return vehicles on the NAS
Currently have SUA designation which is used to reserve air space for space craft
Inefficient to completely remove these areas from the NAS
Dynamic allocation of Airspace
Space Transition Corridors - vertical corridors
Flexible Spaceways (like jetways)
STCs and Flexible Spaceways
References
Bayen, A., P. Grieder, G. Meyer, and C. Tomlin, Lagrangian Delay Predictive Model for Sector-Based Air Traffic Flow, AIAA Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics, 2004
Bilimoria, K., and B. Sridhar, FACET: Future ATM Concepts Evaluation Tool, Air Traffic Control Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1-20.
Cheng, V., B. Sridhar, and C. Draper, Computer Simulation and Analysis Tool for Air and Space Traffic Interaction Research, 21st IEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Irvine, CA, October 29 31, 2002
http://flighttraining.aopalearntofly/overview/

The primary purpose of Air traffic control systems worldwide is to to prevent collisions of aircraft, and to organize and expedite the flow of traffic, and to provide information and other support for pilots when needed.

division of Air Traffic Control System is following
1.Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC) -
The ATCSCC oversees all air traffic control. It also manages air traffic control within centers where there are problems (bad weather, traffic overloads, inoperative runways).
Air route traffic control centers (ARTCC) - There is one ARTCC for each center. Each ARTCC manages traffic within all sectors of its center except for TRACON airspace and local-airport airspace.

2.Terminal radar approach control - TRACON
handles departing and approaching aircraft within its space.

3.Air traffic control tower (ATCT) -
An ATCT is located at every airport that has regularly scheduled flights. Towers handle all takeoff, landing, and ground traffic.

4.Flight service station (FSS) -
The FSS provides information (weather, route, terrain, flight plan) for private pilots flying into and out of small airports and rural areas. It assists pilots in emergencies and coordinates search-and-rescue operations for missing or overdue aircraft.

read more on http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.n...243395.pdf and http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/labs/halab/...gsHFES.pdf to get air traffic control idea in some good level and http://en.wikipediawiki/Air_traffic_control and http://howstuffworksair-traffic-control.htm for having the structure of air traffic control

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