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  topic transformer in physics hindi for details
Posted by: renovati0 - 08-16-2017, 08:44 PM - Forum: Industrial Visit Report - Replies (1)

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force within a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications.

A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying field impinging on the transformer's secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. Making use of Faraday's Law (discovered in 1831) in conjunction with high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power networks.

Since the invention of the first constant potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current electrical energy. A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume to units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons.
For simplification or approximation purposes, it is very common to analyze the transformer as an ideal transformer model as presented in the two images. An ideal transformer is a theoretical, linear transformer that is lossless and perfectly coupled; that is, there are no energy losses and flux is completely confined within the magnetic core. Perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic permeability and winding inductances and zero net magnetomotive force
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding. The primary and secondary windings are wrapped around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability[d] so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the primary winding and load impedance connected to the secondary winding, the transformer currents flow in the indicated directions.

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  seminars topics low power vlsi design
Posted by: vdinesh62 - 08-16-2017, 08:44 PM - Forum: Projects and Seminars - No Replies

seminar topics low power vlsi design

Implementation of Hamming Code
Design of Finite Impulse Response Filter
Adiabatic Technique For Energy Efficient Logic Circuits Design
Turbo Encoder For LTE Process
Reconfigurable Coprocessor for Redundant Radix-4 Arithmetic
4 BIT SFQ Multiplier
New Adaptive Weight Algorithm For Salt And Pepper Noise Removal
Seal Encryption On FPGA, GPU AND Multi-Core Processors
Lossless Implementation Of Daubechies 8-Tap Wavelet Transform
Design of Control Area Network Protocol
Asynchronous Transfer Mode Knockout Switch
LFSR Based Test Generator Synthesis
Rotation-Based Bist With Self-Feedback
Operation Improvement of Indoor Robot
Low-Power And Area-Efficient Carry Select Adder
Soft-Error Tolerance and Mitigation
Design of 16 BIT QPSK
Design of 64-Bit QAM
Custom Floating-Point Unit Generation
Design of JPEG Compression Standard
A Framework for Correction of Multi-Bit Soft Errors
Spurious-Power Suppression Technique for Multimedia/DSP Applications
Design of A Bus Bridge Between AHB and OCP
General Linear Feedback Shift Register
Design of 16 Point Radix-4 FFT Algorithm
Design and Implementation of Efficient Systolic Array Architecture
Exploitation of Narrow-Width Values
Design And Synthesis Of Programmable Logic Block
Fault Secure Encoder
Pipeline VLSI Architecture
3-D Lifting-based Discrete Wavelet Transform
Shift-Register-Based Data Transposition
Design and Implementation of High Speed DDR SDRAM Controller
Design Of Parallel Multiplier Based On RADIX-2 Modified Booth Algorithm
Cyclic Redundancy Checker Generator
Multilayer AHB Bus Matrix
Novel Area-Efficient FPGA Architectures
Implementation of FFT/IFFT Blocks for OFDM
Behavioral Synthesis of Asynchronous Circuits
Implementation Of Guessing Game
Very Fast and Low Power Carry Select Adder Circuit
Short Range MIMO Communications
VLSI Progressive Coding for Wavelet-based Image Compression
Self-Immunity Technique to Improve Register File Integrity against Soft Errors
Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
Design Of 32 Bit RISC Processor
Multiplication Acceleration Through Twin Precision
Task Migration In Mesh NOCS
AMBA-Advanced High Performance Bus IP Block
Design of On-Chip Bus with OCP Interface
Implementation Of Discrete Wavelet Transform
Programmable Logic Block With Mixed LUT and MACROGATE
Design Of Reversible Finite Field Arithmetic
Design Of Radix-2 Butterfly processor to prevent Overflow in The Arithmetic
Viterbi Decoder for High Speed Applications
Efficient FPGA Implementation Of Convolution
Low Power ALU Design By Ancient Mathematics
Low Power Hardware Architecture for VBSME using Pixel Truncation
Reliable and Cost Effective Anti-collision Technique For RFID UHF Tag
Carry Tree Adder
Power Management Of MIMO Network Interfaces On Mobile Systems
Floating Point Multiplier
8 Bit PICCO Processor
High-Accuracy Fixed-Width Modified Booth Multipliers
DDR3 Based Lookup Circuit for High Performance Network Processing
Performance Analysis of Integer Wavelet Transform For Image Compression
ASIC Design Of Complex Multiplier
A Processor-In-Memory Architecture For Multimedia Compression
Designing Efficient Online Testable Reversible Adders
Lightweight High-Performance Fault Detection Scheme
High Performance Complex Number Multiplier Using Booth-Wallace Algorithm
Dual Data Rate SDRAM Controller
FPGA-Based Architecture For Linear And Morphological Image Filtering
Automatic Road Extraction Using High Resolution Satellite Images
Low Power Flip-Flop Using Cmos Deep Submicron Technology
Cordic Processor for Complex DPLL
Digital Base Band Processor for UWB Transceiver
Detecting Background Setting For Dynamic Scene
OFDM Transmitter and Receiver Using FPGA
Traffic Light Controller
Module To Implement I2C Interface
Advanced Encryption System to Improvise System Speed
Design of Data Encryption Standard (DES) for Data Encryption
Low-Complexity Sequential Searcher For Robust Symbol Synchronization In OFDM Systems
Removal Of High Density Salt And Pepper Noise
Dual Stack Method
Quadrature Phase Shifting key Modulator Module
High Throughput DA-Based DCT With High Accuracy
Floating Point Vector Coprocessor
Dual Elevator Controller
Register For Phase Difference Based Logic
Building An AMBA AHB Compliant Memory Controller
Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer
High-Speed Low-Power Viterbi Decoder Design For TCM Decoders
Design of Phelix Algorithm
Parallel Prefix Adders Using FPGAS
REED SOLMEN ENCODER
Rail-Passenger Information System
JPEG Image Compression
Triple Des Algoritm

The electronics industry has achieved a consistent growth over two decades mostly to the advances in integration technologies and large-scale systems design i.e. due to the advent of VLSI. The number of applications based on integrated circuits resulted in high-performance computing, telecommunications, and consumer electronics has been increasing. In this paper we discuss about VLSI, its design styles and its design cycle.

One of the most important characteristics of for today s services focuses on the higher bandwidth and also high processing power. The other characteristic which is focused more is the personalized services to the user depending on the user requirement which includes the flexibility also the mobility feature.

When we consider VLSI design styles, several design styles can be considered for chip implementation of specified algorithms. Each design style has its own advantages as well as disadvantages and thus an appropriate choice has to be made by designers in order to provide the functionality at low cost. It includes Field Programmable Gate Array an array of logic cells connected via routing channels. These cells include Special I/O cells and logic cells. When we consider that other design style which comes after FPGA is Gate Array, which is capable of processing fast. The implementation includes with the metal mask design and also processing.

The GA chip utilization factor is higher when compared to that of FPGA and in terms of speed also it is higher. One of the most custom design styles is Semi-Custom design style. All the used logic cells are developed and characterized and stored in cell library. When we consider the full custom design, the mask design implemented without the usage of the library.

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  customer satisfaction questionnaire for textile company
Posted by: rahul7891 - 08-16-2017, 08:44 PM - Forum: Seminar Requests - Replies (1)

customer satisfaction questionnaire for textile company

Abstract

As far as retail industry is concern due to global developments and lifestyle changes, the retail sector business models and strategies arr changed now. An unique and holistic assessment of the benefits and challenges by experiential innovation is vital for successful retaining of the existing customers. This beyond level of customer satisfaction has leads to customer delight. It is very difficult to fulfill the customer expectations. Hence every organisation wants to delight the customer in order to retain them. Thus customer retention is directly influenced by customer satisfaction. This paperaims to explore level of satisfaction towards service features and quality of goods and services in the textile show room.

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  seminar chemistry daily life
Posted by: AshajS - 08-16-2017, 08:44 PM - Forum: Projects and Seminars - No Replies

Hi sir, am studying 1st Msc organic chemistry. I need a power point presentation on "Chemistry in daily life" to say seminar in college.
. thanking you sir.

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  various stability aspects of packaging ppt
Posted by: srinivasmurthygk - 08-16-2017, 08:44 PM - Forum: Projects and Seminars - No Replies

To get full information or details of various stability aspects of packaging please have a look on the pages

http://seminarsprojects.net/Thread-role-...-stability

if you again feel trouble on various stability aspects of packaging please reply in that page and ask specific fields in various stability aspects of packaging

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  nanomaterials in civil engineering ppt
Posted by: chandrajith.rs - 08-16-2017, 08:44 PM - Forum: Projects and Seminars - Replies (2)

good day,
I interest in nanomaterial used in civil construction and building and members as walls,roofs,floors and columns.
industry of nano and mixing with polymer or any other building materials,also executive methods
I am a researcher MSC structural engineering closing to start PHD study,so I need this information.

Thank you very much
yours
FARAJ



good day,
I interest in nanomaterial used in civil construction and building and members as walls,roofs,floors and columns.
industry of nano and mixing with polymer or any other building materials,also executive methods
I am a researcher MSC structural engineering closing to start PHD study,so I need this information.

Thank you very much
yours
FARAJ

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  railway gate control system using rf in mechanical engee
Posted by: LUHAR - 08-16-2017, 08:44 PM - Forum: Projects and Seminars - Replies (1)

railway gate control rf in mechanical engee.
how it works and its defination and application.


(11-15-2012, 10:03 AM)Guest Wrote: railway gate control rf in mechanical engee.
how it works and its defination and application.

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  Performance Characteristics of Cluster-Based Group Key Management in Mobile Ad Hoc N
Posted by: spushpendra22 - 08-16-2017, 08:44 PM - Forum: Computer Science Project Ideas - No Replies

We propose and analyze a scalable and efficient cluster-based group key management protocol for secure group communications in mobile ad hoc networks. For scalability and dynamic reconfigurability; we take a cluster-based approach by which group members are broken in to cluster-based subgroups and leaders in subgroups securely communicate with each other to agree on a group key in response to membership change and member mobility events. We show that secrecy requirement for group communication is satisfied. Further, there exists an optimal cluster size that minimizes the total network communication cost as a result of efficiently trading inter-regional vs. intra-regional group key management overheads. We give an analytical expression of the cost involved which allows the optimal cluster size to be identified, when given a set of parameter values characterizing a group communicating system in mobile ad hoc networks.

Many mobile wireless applications nowadays are based on secure group communication by which data is encrypted using an encryption key (called a group key). When a member joins a group, the group key is re keyed so that the new member cannot decrypt the previous messages. This is meant by Backward Secrecy. When a member leaves a group, the group key is re keyed so that the leaving member could not decrypt the messages in future. This is meant by Forward Secrecy.In this paper we propose a reliable and secure cluster-based group key management protocol for secure group communication in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). We also propose a Contributory Key Agreement protocol (CKA) for key generation instead of a centralized key server. We break a group in to cluster-based subgroups with a leader in each group. Any changes in these groups will be recorded as a membership change event and other event changes. Each group has a group key and each leader in a group has a leader key, there is also cluster key to identify the clusters. Each of these keys contains information about Id s of a cluster, group or member.

Conceivably, as the number of group members becomes large, group key management can incur significant overheads and cause a potential system performance bottleneck. For scalability and dynamic management, we propose a two level hierarchical key management architecture adopted from the IETF Group Key Management Architecture to efficiently and securely distribute keys. In our protocol, a leader communicates with the members in the same region using a cluster key. All leaders in the group use a leader key, KLR, for communications among leaders. A group key, KG, is derived from the leader key KG =MAC (KLR, c), where KLR is a leader key and c is a counter to be incremented whenever a group membership change event occurs. The group key (KG) is used for Secure data communications among group members. These three keys are re keyed for secure group communications depending on events that occur in the system.

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  smu results of mba
Posted by: sanj88 - 08-16-2017, 08:44 PM - Forum: Projects and Seminars - No Replies

I need project report on impact of FDI in any particular sector.
But i have chosen Impact of FDi in Indian Retail Sector.
Pls provide me the project report urgently, bcoz i have to submit the report by 27/12/2012.
plss

eagerly waiting for your reply

Regards
Anoop G Rao

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  SOLAR BASED L.E.D LIGHTING SCHEME full report
Posted by: nitya_janu - 08-16-2017, 08:44 PM - Forum: Electronics-Electrical-Instrumentation-Applied Electronics Related Project Ideas - No Replies

[attachment=3687]
Project report
ON
SOLAR BASED L.E.D LIGHTING SCHEME
BY
ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT BOOTH


TEAM MEMBERS
01. Arundhati Kalane (coordinator)
02. Arvind Shinde
03. Ashish Shahare
04. Bablu Jha
03. Gayatri Shirure
08. Jayshree Gawai
07. Monali Chaudhari
08. Parvez Naikwadi
09. Prasad Chitare
10. Priyanka Gugale
11. Ravindra Yadav
12. Rohita Sagavkar
13. Rugved Deshpande
14. Sagar Shelke
15. Sagar Zaparde
16. Sapana Yawalkar
17. Sharmily Mergu
18. Vishwabharati Ramteke
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,PUNE
TECHNOCRAFT EVENT
(ORGANISED BY:ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF COEP)


Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Light Emitting Diode
3. Project Management
4. Working Model
5. Load Calculations
6. Possible Modifications

Introduction

For the very first time a fully funded technical event has been organized by the Alumni Association of COEP .This event has created a great platform for the budding engineers to come forward with their own ideas and implement them practically. Seeing that conservation has become the need of the hour, the central theme selected for inaugural year of Technocraft is:- I CONSERVE FOR A BETTER TOMORROW .
Under this theme, we have worked out on the topic Solar Based LED Lighting Scheme .
About The Topic
In the past decade the energy needs have raised globally .The world in general and India in particular has been facing acute shortage of electricity.
Solar Energy has long been the Holy Grail of the Non-Conventional energy sources. Many stupendous efforts have been exerted in an attempt to harness this free & simple form of energy for common man .This energy can be used as an alternative for electrical energy. The basic and major obstacle has been the huge infrastructure cost required initially.
Efforts are being made for many years to reduce the huge initial cost ,although the initial cost reduction seems to be a big challenge .However the benefits offered by its usage are so alluring that we can ,with no harm, neglect the disadvantage. We have designed and conceptualized our project model taking into consideration the lighting loads of the big educational institutes, which seems to be quite higher.
Solar energy driven equipments being less efficient, use of solar energy for conventional lighting scheme is hardly of any use. So to find an alternative to the conventional lighting scheme we thought of replacing it by LED lighting scheme. Thus we hope this will be a small but important step in helping increase the use of non-conventional energy worldwide &also to protect the environment, reduce the load on conventionally generated electricity grid among many other envisioned advantages.

Light emitting diode
Why LED

LED is a light emitting semiconductor diode that emits light. LEDs are most often used in the form of an indicator light in electronic devices, traffic signal lights, musical instruments and dashboards in cars and in houses etc. The nature of the light emitted can be visible, infrared or ultraviolet.
LED bulbs facts - What is an LED light bulb
LED light bulbs are made by arranging identical light emitting diodes closely to form the shape of a light bulb. The visible light thus produced closely resembles day light and is very capable of replacing the traditional light bulbs such as incandescent light bulbs and compact fluorescent lamps.
Lifespan of a LED light bulb:-
Most modern LEDs are undergo superior design and manufacturing process that gives them up to 100,000 hours of lifespan
Advantages--
Power savings by using LED
Traditional incandescent light bulbs waste up to 80% of its energy in the form of heat that they produce. LED light bulbs on the other hand save that energy since heat emission is minimal. For example, you may replace a 40 watts standard light bulb with a 4 watt LED bulb that emits same light output.
Benefits of using LED light bulbs over standard light bulbs
Power consumption of LED light bulb is only 10% of that of the standard light bulb.
LED light bulbs withstand great amount of vibration, shock and temperature variations.

LED Fast facts :-

About LED light bulbs and incandescent light bulbs:-
1. Light bulbs are 10-60 times more energy efficient than incandescent light bulbs.
2. Incandescent light bulbs produce light that flickers whereas LED light bulbs produce flicker free light.
3. LED bulbs can produce many rich and vibrant colours when compared to incandescent light bulbs
4. According to the Clean Energy Act of 2007 incandescent bulbs that produce 310 - 2600 lumens of light are banned. This exempts light bulbs that use less than 40 watts or more than 150 watts of energy.
5. Survey says if the entire USA switches to LED bulbs, it can effectively reduce its power consumption by almost 30%.
Disadvantages
Most modern LED operate in a range of 2 to 4 volts and consume anywhere between 350mA and 1500mA.
The power consumption may sometimes vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and also because of the purpose for which the LED was designed.
Another factor that affects power consumption of LEDs is for the fact that LEDs can not be dimmed.
Lifespan of a LED bulb could dramatically come down due to the amount of heat a LED may produce. This directly depends on die temperature and ambient temperature of the LED. Most LED light bulbs show sign of age after a couple of years of use and may produce only 50% of the light output when compared to what it used to produce when it was new.

Project management

What we have done
As of now we have worked out this project model for the electrical dept. of college of engineering, Pune. . It revolves around the necessities of our department, envisaging a total freedom from tubes and incandescent bulbs in the near future.
This would prove to be a great step towards conservation of energy.
Our team consisted of 18 members, all from second year. We divided the team into four groups viz
1. The technical group
2. The design and construction group.
3. The survey and purchase group.
4. The finance group.
Technical group:-
They designed the circuits, carried out testing under various conditions.
Design and construction group :-
They designed and constructed the architectural structure of our model.
Survey and purchase group :-
They carried out survey regarding lighting load of our department model, they also gathered all other necessary information concerning the project. They purchased the things required for the model.
Finance group:-
They took care of the accounts.
Also the sequence of activities to complete the project in time and within budget was well planned beforehand.
Common meetings were held timely to check out whether everything was going on as per plan. Discussions regarding the challenges faced while working were solved during such meetings.

Working model

The working model focuses on the most commonly used areas in the department, which includes the classrooms, the lab and the corridors.
It is usually found that irrespective of whether or not there is need of light, all lights in the classroom are switched ON, which causes unnecessary wastage of power. To avoid this we have made use of the sensor circuits consisting LDR s to detect the intensity of light available and turn ON only those lights that are necessary and switch OFF the unnecessary lights.
Further, a common tendency of students of not switching OFF the lights while leaving the classrooms leads to unnecessary wastage of power. To avoid this we have put on the counter circuit that counts the number of students entering and leaving the class. We have made use of two IR beams connected to the door, when students are entering inside the room they intercept the 1st ray first so signal is given to the first counter. Same thing happens while leaving the classroom with the 2nd ray intercepted first, and input going to the second counter. When count1=count2 i.e. the class is empty the signal is passed to the atomized control for switching OFF the lights.
[*ASSUMPTION:-only one person enters or leaves the class at a time]
The whole lighting control of single room is done with the help of only one switch. But, in case it happens that only one student wants to study in the class, then there is an additional arrangement of manual switches for individual bulbs for lighting only the required bulb.
We have also covered another aspect of passage lighting in our project which includes passage lighting with the help of timer circuit. We have designed the functionality of the circuit such that the passage lights start glowing at 6 pm but with low intensity. At 7 pm as it turns dark the intensity of lights is increase. Again at 8 pm when there is hardly anyone in the college, the lights turn dim. The intensity variation of lights is done by varying the voltage level across the bulbs.
The timer and the counter circuit have been done with the help of microcontroller.

Microcontroller circuit

Micro controller program:
Chip type : ATmega32L
Program type : Application
Clock frequency : 1.000000 MHz
Memory model : Small
External SRAM size : 0
Data Stack size : 512
**/
#include <mega32.h>
#include <delay.h>
#define ADC_VREF_TYPE 0x20
// Read the 8 most significant bits
// of the AD conversion result
unsigned char read_adc(unsigned char adc_input)
{
ADMUX=adc_input (ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff);
// Start the AD conversion
ADCSRA =0x40;
// Wait for the AD conversion to complete
while ((ADCSRA & 0x10)==0);
ADCSRA =0x10;
return ADCH;
}
// External Interrupt 0 service routine
interrupt [EXT_INT0] void ext_int0_isr(void)
{
OCR0=0x84;
TCCR0=0x1C; //timer on
delay_ms(60000);
TCCR0=0x00; //timer off
OCR0=0x200;
TCCR0=0x1C; //timer on
delay_ms(90000);
TCCR0=0x00; //timer off
OCR0=0x;
TCCR0=0x84; //timer on
delay_ms(120000);
TCCR0=0x00; //timer off
PORTB = 0xff;
delay_ms(1000);
}
// Declare your global variables here
void main(void)
{
// Declare your local variables here
unsigned char p,q;
int r=0;
// Input/Output Ports initialization
// Port A initialization
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T
PORTA=0x00;
DDRA=0x00;
// Port B initialization
// Func7=Out Func6=Out Func5=Out Func4=Out Func3=Out Func2=Out Func1=Out Func0=Out
// State7=0 State6=0 State5=0 State4=0 State3=0 State2=0 State1=0 State0=0
PORTB=0x00;
DDRB=0xFF;
// Port C initialization
// Func7=Out Func6=Out Func5=Out Func4=Out Func3=Out Func2=Out Func1=Out Func0=Out
// State7=0 State6=0 State5=0 State4=0 State3=0 State2=0 State1=0 State0=0
PORTC=0x00;
DDRC=0xFF;
// Port D initialization
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T
PORTD=0x00;
DDRD=0x00;
// Timer/Counter 0 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: 3.906 kHz
// Mode: CTC top=OCR0
// OC0 output: Toggle on compare match
TCCR0=0x1C;
TCNT0=0x00;
OCR0=0x44;
// Timer/Counter 1 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: Timer 1 Stopped
// Mode: Normal top=FFh
// OC1A output: Discon.
// OC1B output: Discon.
// Noise Canceler: Off
// Input Capture on Falling Edge
// Timer 1 Overflow Interrupt: Off
// Input Capture Interrupt: Off
// Compare A Match Interrupt: Off
// Compare B Match Interrupt: Off
TCCR1A=0x00;
TCCR1B=0x00;
TCNT1H=0x00;
TCNT1L=0x00;
ICR1H=0x00;
ICR1L=0x00;
OCR1AH=0x00;
OCR1AL=0x00;
OCR1BH=0x00;
OCR1BL=0x00;
// Timer/Counter 2 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: Timer 2 Stopped
// Mode: Normal top=FFh
// OC2 output: Disconnected
ASSR=0x00;
TCCR2=0x00;
TCNT2=0x00;
OCR2=0x00;
// External Interrupt(s) initialization
// INT0: On
// INT0 Mode: Low level
// INT1: Off
// INT2: Off
GICR =0x40;
MCUCR=0x00;
MCUCSR=0x00;
GIFR=0x40;
// Timer(s)/Counter(s) Interrupt(s) initialization
TIMSK=0x00;
// Analog Comparator initialization
// Analog Comparator: Off
// Analog Comparator Input Capture by Timer/Counter 1: Off
ACSR=0x80;
SFIOR=0x00;
// Global enable interrupts
#asm("sei")
// ADC initialization
// ADC Clock frequency: 500.000 kHz
// ADC Voltage Reference: AREF pin
// Only the 8 most significant bits of
// the AD conversion result are used
ADMUX=ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff;
ADCSRA=0x81;
while (1)
{

p = read_adc(0);
q = read_adc(1);
if (p<80)
{
delay_ms(2000);
if(q<80)
{
r= r+1;
}
}
if (q<80)
{
delay_ms(2000);
if(p<80)
{
r= r-1;
}
}

if(r==0)
{
PORTC = 0x00;
}
else if (r>0)
{
PORTC = 0xff;
}
};
}
LDR Circuit:
Counter circuit:

Load calculations
We have done the following calculations for single LED ..
Supply voltage
(V) Current
(mA) Conditions
3.5 0.1 Just glows
5.16 1.5 Good intensity
13.6 5.3 Maximum intensity
15 7 Maximum intensity
26 11 Maximum intensity
The voltage drop across single LED is found to be 3.16 V
Bulb specifications:
One bulb => 6 LEDs
Resistor value = 240 ohm
Supply voltage = 5 v
Current = 54 mA
Total no. of bulbs = 34
Total current = 1.836
Power rating = 9.18 W
Other circuitry load = 3 W approx.
Panel and battery ratings
Panel ratings:-
1. Wattage = 10 W
2. Vmpp = 16.4 V
3. Impp = 0.6 A
4. Voc = 20 V
5. Isc = 0.63 A
Battery ratings:-
1. Vo = 12 V
2. 7.6 A-h
3. Max charging current = 2.28 A
We also carried out survey for electrical department lighting load and found out that there are 230 tubes in use. These tube are of 40 W. But if they are operated using conventional chokes then they consume 10-15 W more i.e it becomes 55W for one tube. But as mentioned in our report earlier LED bulb of merely 4W can replace the tube of 40W providing same luminance. So present load requirement for electrical department being 9200W for lighting can be replaced by 920W just by using LED bulbs
Cost estimation
Sr. No. Items Quantity Amount(Rs)
1. MDF sheets 3 1500/-
2. Mount-board 16 400/-
3. Hardware (L-angles,nut bolts, screws,sandpaper,PVC pipes) 1555/-
4. Miscellaneous(thermocol,Papers,tape,fevicol,reflector material,ceramic,straws,sticks,colours and brushes) 1900/-
5. LEDs 700/-
6. Components 2400/-
Total -- 8455/-

Possible Modifications

With the help of advanced techniques one can vary intensity of the bulbs smoothly so that they offer only the required amount of intensity and avoid unnecessary wattage loss.
Solar Tracking Servo Mechanism, if applied will enhance the efficiency of the panel to a greater level.
Good quality reflectors can be used in the bulb manufacturing which will provide more illumination.
Using different kinds of reflectors the lights can be designed for variety of purpose.
For e.g.: for reading we require focused light and for ambience sake we require dispersed light.
Bulb casings can be made of some kind of environmentally degradable materials.
Innovative idea:-
An idea that ran through our minds while doing this project ..
We pondered if ..at all we could design a device that will capture the intensity emitted by the bulbs and convert it into voltage which, if provided back to the charging circuit, will act as auxiliary charging source.
We found out information regarding such circuit which revealed that using photo diode such circuit is possible but it provides voltage of order of 10-6 which is practically of no use.

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