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Cellular Phones as Embedded Systems - snehag - 08-16-2017 Cellular Phones as Embedded Systems [attachment=16032] I. INTRODUCTION A. Market development In the 1990s wireless technologies developed in a way that can best be described as 'unbelievable'. Consequently, the number of mobile subscribers has grown over 100-fold in the last ten years, as shown in Figure 1. Currently, there are over one billion subscribers globally and the number is growing at a healthy pace. Current scenarios predict another 400 million subscribers by 2005, leading to a total of some 1.6 billion subscribers. Continuing with scenarios for mobile voice, there is also a big opportunity in the growth of mobile traffic as fixed voice calls are increasingly being replaced by mobile calls. By 2008, there is a good chance that the current number of global mobile subscriptions will double. B. Cellular generations Radio systems continue to develop from the current second generation (2G) and evolved 2G systems toward higher data rates and better mobility. While the third-generation ([1]-[6]) cellular system is being rolled out and the first terminals have reached the shops in Japan and Europe, standardization work continues towards even higher data rates. Several access methods complement 3G, e.g. the wireless local area network for high-speed hot spot data connection and Bluetooth for short-range radio connection. Furthermore, discussions and research on the next-generation cellular system, 4G, have already started [7]. 4G is expected to enable versatile mobile broadband services by providing wide coverage, ultra-high bit-rate radio access. In the multiradio environment, the services are required to be radio-agnostic. This is best achieved by utilizing the Internet protocol (IP) convergence as the unified connection layer C. Digital convergence The digital industry is experiencing rapid convergence of parts of consumer electronics, communication, information technology, media and entertainment industries. The convergence enables people to create, share, and consume digital content using interoperable devices. The cellular phone, the main device that people always carry with them, is the key platform for the mobile convergence applications, e.g. web browsing, imaging, and high bitrate video streaming. Mobility means that the mobile Internet will bring us new features to facilitate the way we live and work II. TODAY S CELLULAR PHONE Cellular phones are extremely complex embedded systems where all functional blocks are custom-made for mobility. The combination of miniaturization and functionality is unprecedented compared to other consumer products. A block diagram of today s typical classic category triple-band cellular phone is shown in Figure 3. The engine consists of three main chips: one for RF, one for baseband, and one for mixed-signal and energy management. The chips are either proprietary designs or based on available chip sets. The product includes a total of 345 parts. The characteristics of the cellular phone shown in Figure 3 are represented in Table I. II. ARCHITECTURE CHALLENGES FOR WIRELESS ACCESS New implementation architectures enable the adoption of new technologies. The new technologies, then, bring improvements in product requirements, such as performance, miniaturization, power consumption, reliability and cost. Several successful development phases in the past laid the foundation for improvements also in the future. |