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environmental pollution presentation - mathewjmanavalan - 08-16-2017 [attachment=3871] ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY R.M.BANIK What is Pollution What is Pollution Pollution is the action of environmental contamination with man-made waste. This includes mainly land, water, and air. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms Forms of pollution Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil pollution Radioactive pollution Noise pollution Light pollution (includes light trespass, over illumination and astronomical interference. Visual pollution Thermal pollution Land Pollution Land pollution the action of environmental contamination with man-made waste on land. Americans generate five pounds of solid waste every day, furthermore creating one ton of solid waste each year. In an average day in the United States, people throw out 200,000 tons of edible food . The main human contributor to pollution are landfills. Approximately half of our trash is disposed in landfills. Only 2% of our waste is actually recycled. Air Pollution These are following gases that are known as the "Big Six" air pollutants": Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Sulfur Oxide Nitrogen Oxide Hydrocarbons (Benzene, Terpene, etc.) Particulates Water Pollutants The source of this waste could be raw sewage, chemicals, trash, or fertilizer. They can be categorized as 1. Inorganic pollutants 2. Organic pollutants 3. Sediments 4. Heat 5. Radioactive pollutant 6. Water pollution by heavy metals Inorganic pollutants This group consists of inorganic salts, mineral acids, finely divided metals or metal compounds, complexes of metals with organics in natural water, organometallic compounds, trace elements and acid mine drainage. Several trace elements (few ppm) are found in polluted water. The most dangerous among them are heavy metals e.g. As (V), Cd, Cu, Hg, Cr etc and metalloids As, Se and Sb. Organic pollutants This group includes, oxygen demanding wastes, plant nutrients, sewage, synthetic organic compounds, pesticides, detergents and oils. Decrease in dissolve oxygen (DO) value is an index of pollution mainly due to organic matter e.g. sewage, industrial wastes from food processing plants, paper mills and tanneries, meat-packing plants, runoff from agricultural lands etc. Polluted water causes immense harm to public health. The water borne diseases are typhoid, and paratyphoid fevers, dysentery and cholera, polio and infectious hepatitis. Production and disposal of pesticides, petrochemicals, detergents etc. aggravates the pollution problem. Sediments Sediments are important repositories for trace metals. They also contain high level of organic matter in sediments. Detrimental increase in sediments in water is due to natural process of soil erosion. It represents the most extensive pollutants of surface waters. Heat Rise in temperature decrease dissolve oxygen in water, which affects fish and other aquatic life adversely. The industrial, municipal and wastes from agricultural practices are major contributor. Radioactive pollutant Radioactive pollution includes liquid and gaseous wastes from fuel, elements, low level radioactive wastes, various components of radioactive fall out, fission products, radio nucleotides etc. Water pollution by Heavy Metals Heavy metals are widely employed in textile, tanneries and metal plating industries, among others. Use of these metals generates liquids waste, which are usually continuously disposed of without any treatment. Fuel and power industries generate 2.4 million tons of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, As (V), Se, V and Zn annually. The metal industries adds 0.39 million tons/year of the above metals to the environment. Apart from this agriculture contributes 1.4 million tons/year, manufacturing generates 0.24 million tons/year and waste disposal adds 0.72 million tons/year Sources of heavy metals in waste water Toxic effect of heavy metals Antimony--Increase in blood cholesterol; decrease in blood sugar Arsenic--Skin damage or problems with circulatory systems, and may have increased risk of getting cancer Asbestos--Increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps Cadmium--Kidney damage Copper--Short term exposure: Gastrointestinal distress Long term exposure: Liver or kidney damage Lead--Infants and children: Delays in physical or mental development Adults: Kidney problems; high blood pressure Selenium--Hair or fingernail loss; numbness in fingers or toes; Drinking water quality standards Parameter USEPA (2000) WHO (1993) Bangladesh (GoB, 1997) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) pH 6.5-8.5 7-8.5 6.5-8.5 Iron 0.3 0.3 0.3-1.0 Chloride 250 250 150-600 Hardness as (CaCO3) 100-500 - 200-500 Sulfate 250 250 400 Manganese 0.1 0.05 0.1 Fluoride 2.0 1.5 1.0 Nitrate 10 50 10 Arsenic 0.01 0.01 0.05 TDS 400-500 1000 1000 Drinking water quality standards Parameter USEPA (2000) WHO (1993) Bangladesh (GoB, 1997) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) pH 6.5-8.5 7-8.5 6.5-8.5 Iron 0.3 0.3 0.3-1.0 Chloride 250 250 150-600 Hardness as (CaCO3) 100-500 - 200-500 Sulfate 250 250 400 Manganese 0.1 0.05 0.1 Fluoride 2.0 1.5 1.0 Nitrate 10 50 10 Arsenic 0.01 0.01 0.05 TDS 400-500 1000 1000 Ganga Pollution: Total coliform count at different points along the Ganga |