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New Way To Make Electricity - be.divya - 10-04-2017 New Way To Make Electricity
Reshma Ittiachan & Reshma A R S6 Department Of Electrical And Electronics Mohandas College Of Engineering And Technology, Thiruvananthapuram [attachment=10164] Abstract A new area of energy research, which is producing electrical energy from carbon Nano tubes, is emerged recently by Massachusetts institute of technology. The phenomenon, described as thermo power waves. A carbon nanotube can produce a very rapid wave of power when it is coated by a layer of fuel and ignited, so that heat travels along the tube. The key ingredient in the recipe is carbon nanotubes sub-microscopic hollow tubes made of a chicken-wire-like lattice of carbon atoms. These tubes, just a few billionths of a meter (Nano meters) in diameter, are part of a family of novel carbon molecules, including Bucky balls and graphene sheets, which have been the subject of intensive worldwide research over the last two decades. After further development, the system now puts out energy, in proportion to its weight, about 100 times greater than an equivalent weight of lithium-ion battery. In the experiments, each of these electrically and thermally conductive nanotubes was coated with a layer of a reactive fuel that can produce heat by decomposing. This fuel was then ignited at one end of the nanotube using either a laser beam or a high-voltage spark, and the result was a fast-moving thermal wave travelling along the length of the carbon nanotube like a flame speeding along the length of a lit fuse. Heat from the fuel goes into the nanotube, where it travels thousands of times faster than in the fuel itself. As the heat feeds back to the fuel coating, a thermal wave is created that is guided along the nanotube. With a temperature of 3,000 kelvins, this ring of heat speeds along the tube 10,000 times faster than the normal spread of this chemical reaction. The heating produced by that combustion, it turns out, also pushes electrons along the tube, creating a substantial electrical current. The amount of power released, he says, is much greater than that predicted by thermo electric calculations. Many semiconductor materials can produce an electric potential when heated, through something called the See beck effect, that effect is very weak in carbon. The See beck effect is a phenomenon in which a temperature difference between two dissimilar electrical conductors or semiconductors produces a voltage. There s something different in this case since part of the current appears to scale with wave velocity, causes electron flow in different way. The electrical charge carriers (either electrons or electron holes) just as an ocean wave can pick up and carry a collection of debris along the surface. This important property is responsible for the high power produced by the system. The researchers coated the nanotubes with a fuel, such as gasoline or ethanol, and applied heat to one end. The result: The fuel reacts and produces more heat, which ignites more fuel to create even more heat Energy Energy has different forms and Electrical energy is one among them. This is most reliable, flexible and what not? There is no necessity to elaborate them, because we all are the best users of it Generation There are different ways to generate electrical energy. You must have heard of a number of alternative ways for producing electricity all are conventional methods even the reactors I mean nuclear reactors also a common way of power generation today. All these methods of generation have their merits and demerit New Way To Make Electricity Nano Technology Theory Carbon Nano Tubes A Nano tube is with a diameter about 30,000 times smaller than a strand of hair +. Sub- microscopic hollow tubes made of a chicken-wire- like lattice of carbon atoms. A carbon nanotube can produce a very rapid wave of power when it is coated by a layer of fuel and ignited, so that heat travels along the tube. These tubes, just a few billionths of a meter (Nano meters) in diameter, are part of a family of novel carbon molecules, which have been the subject of intensive worldwide research over the last two decades. But this is the first time to predict that such waves could be guided by a nanotube or nanowire and that, this wave of heat could push an electrical current along that wire. Carbon nanotubesand graphene are both nanoscale structures consisting of carbon atoms. Graphene is a sheet-like hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms, while nanotubes can be described as graphene wrapped into a cylinder with a nanoscale diameter. Carbon nanotube transistors suit printed electronics. Carbon nanotube elastic property enhances LCD TV quality. Carbon nanotube transistors run at 30GHz high frequency. Carbon- nanotube arrays take heat off chips. Thermo Power Waves The phenomenon, described as thermo power waves, like a collection of flotsam [debris floating in ocean]-propelled along the surface by waves traveling across the ocean, it turns out that a thermal wave a moving pulse of heat traveling along a microscopic wire can drive electrons along, creating an electrical current. See Beck Effect Don t confuse this thermo power waves with See beck effect, that effect is very weak in carbon. The See beck effect is a phenomenon in which a temperature difference between two dissimilar electrical conductors or semiconductors produces a voltage. Many semiconductor materials can produce an electric potential when heated, through something called the See beck effect. There s something different in this case since part of the current appears to scale with wave velocity, causes electron flow in different way. Reactive fuels Coating. Fuel used gasoline or ethanol. Heat Applied to one end by ignition. Laser beam or by a high-voltage spark. Each of these electrically and thermally conductive nanotubes was coated with a layer of a reactive fuel that can produce heat by decomposing. The fuel reacts and produces more heat. This fuel was then ignited at one end of the nanotube using either a laser beam or a high-voltage spark, and the result was a fast- moving thermal wave traveling along the length of the carbon nanotube like a flame speeding along the length of a lit fuse. As the heat feeds back to the fuel coating, a thermal wave is created that is guided along the nanotube. Thermo power waves travels 10,000 times faster than normal spread of a chemical reaction. Temperature is about 3,000 kelvin. The thermal wave squeezes electrons out of the nanotubes like a tube of toothpaste. Heat from the fuel goes into the nanotube, where it travels thousands of times faster than in the fuel itself. As the heat feeds back to the fuel coating, a thermal wave is created that is guided along the nanotube. With a temperature of 3,000 kelvins, this ring of heat speeds along the tube 10,000 times faster than the normal spread of this chemical reaction. The heating produced by that combustion, it turns out, also pushes electrons along the tube, creating a substantial electrical current. Alternating Current & Wave Front Oscillation Another aspect of the theory, is that by using different kinds of reactive materials for the coating, the wave front could oscillate, thus producing an alternating current (ac). That would open up a variety of possibilities Mathematical Study & Quantity Of Power The phenomenon has been studied mathematically for more than 100 years, but it is the first to predict that such waves could be guided by a nanotube or nanowire and that this wave of heat could push an electrical current along that wire. The system now puts out energy, in proportion to its weight, about 100 times greater than an equivalent weight of lithium-ion battery Conclusion Continuous efforts are being done to improve the setup enough for commercial use in near future. This will leads to an era of miniature type power sources for the entire gadget world which has a burden of heavy weight power source as battery array. References (1) IEE Spectrum (2) MIT News March 8th 2010, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (3) Nature Materials on March 7 2010 issue |