kerala psc part 583(English )

[amrutha735]

4.Smoke from vehicle exhausts cause air pollution, .( )
5.On getting the information about the fire accident, the fire briade rushed to the place. ( )
Exercise - 4
Write in the brackets provided the type of clause (Noun Clause / Adjective Clause / Adverb Clause) Underlined in the following sentences.
1.He reached the place when the sunset. ( )
2.Because you have done this, you must explain ( )
3.lf vou can do it fast, please do so.. ( ) 
4.The stool which has a broken leg is from the staff room.( )
5.He expects that he would get through the examination.( )
6.He is very rich, vet he is unhappy. ( )
7.Although he is an industrious student, he failed in the examination.( )
8.the children clapped as the clown entered the ring.  ( )
9.People started Tunning out as soon as the
accident took place.( )
10.Please answer the call for me in case I go out. ( )


CONDITIONALS
There are two kinds of conditions - real and unreal if clause
Main clause
1  Real conditions are used for possible situations. The present tense, is used in the if - clause (or conditional clause), end the future tense is used ;. in the result clause.
If he comes to the library, I will give him
            pres.                              fut.
 these books.
(It is possible that he will come)
Note: This is an open condition.
2.Unreal conditions are used for impossible or unreal situations.
(a) The past tense is used in the ‘if-clause’ and would, could,: or might, + the simple verb is used in the main clause.
If she practised well, she could win the game.
(She doesn't practise well)
If she came to my house, I would give her your message.
(She doesn't come to my house)
Note: This is an unlikely condition.
(b)When the past perfect is used in the 'if -clause'',and would,could, or might +have +the past participle are used in the main clause.
If she had come  to my house,
            past perf.
I would have given her your message.
           would + have + past past part
(She didn't come to my house)
Note: This is a closed condition
We can summarize the usage of the conditionals discussed above as given below:
If clause                         Main clause
If + present....................future(result)
If + past .........................would +ver(result)
If + past perfect..............participle(result)

NOTES:
(A)In general, avoid using would in the if-clause
(B)In present time unreal if-clauses, the correct form of the verb to be for all persons is were 

Examples:
If he were rich, he would go the U.S.A. for higher studies.
If I were a bird, I would fly to England without VISA.

EXAMPLES FOR ERRORS IN USAGF OF CONDITIONALS
The following examples will make clear some of the common mistakes committed in the usage of conditionals.

A.WRONG: If I will win the contest, I will buy a new house.

RIGHT: If I win the contest, I will buy a new house.

B.WRONG:
If I had been there, I would make a speech.
RIGHT: • If I were there, I would make a speech.
• If I had been there, I would have made a speech.
C.WRONG: If I would have a degree from that University, l would get a good job.
RIGHT: If I had a degree from that University, Iwould get a good job.


UNIT-V
TYPES OF SENTENCES (STRUCTURAL)
A sentence, for the purpose of analysis, can be examined from the point of view of its structure. Depending on the number of clauses it contains, a sentence can be called SIMPLE, COMPLEX or COMPOUND.
Let us look at each of these types of sentences with examples.

SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence is that which contains only one main clause. It does not have sub-ordinate clauses.
1.My father is a senior- manager in this organisation. 
2.Chandigarh is. a planned city,
3.Microbiology is an interesting subject for me.
"Please note that there is only one finite verb in each of the above sentences. That means there is only one clause. One-clause sentence is a simple sentence.

COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence is that which contains only one main clause and at least one subordinate clause. 
Example:
As soon as the meeting began, a member said that he wanted to raise a point of order.
Analysis:
This sentence has only one main clause and two subordinate clauses : therefore, this is a complex sentence.

Some more examples of Complex sentences:
1.The children rode an elephant when they visited the zoo. 
2.I. think that the president will not accept this proposal.
3.They were so tired that they simply had to sit down to take rest.
4.He decided he would have to get someone cut down the trees in the garden.
5.If you want a passport, you must consult the passport issuing authority in the city. 

COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence is that which contains at least two main clauses. It may or may not have subordinate clauses.
Examples:
1.You may either stay in the hostel or stay with your relatives.
2.The flowers were blooming, the birds were singing, and spring was in the air.
Analysis:
In sentence 1, there are two main clauses.
In sentence 2, there are three main clauses.
So each of them is a compound sentence. 

Some more examples of compound sentences:
1.I went to his farm-house several times, but I was unable to meet him.
2.He is very intelligent, yet he has failed in the examination.
3.Many doctors are attending on him, still he is not out of danger.
4.He is very tired, for he has been working since morning.
5. There is no Quorum, so the meeting was adjourned, 

Exercise - 5
Identify the type of sentence - Simple, Complex or
Compound.
 1. As soon as the boy saw the cobra, he began to cry.
2.The South Pole is too cold for human beings to live
3.A hundred per cent in English is too high a score to achieve.
4.On account of mismanagement, the company suffered a great loss. 
5.in spite' of being supplied with the best weapons, the army could not win the battle.
6.The rooms were so selected as to enable me in reaching the place of my interview.
7.It is in the field of education that the seed of secularism had to be sown at the earliest stage possible so that the plant can be carefully
 nurtured as it grows. 
8.Our hope that the clouds would disperse, was cheering.
9. the most people a long journey by motor -car is exhausting and disagreeable.''
10.Although . mountains are undoubtedly impressive, they have a' kind of dreadful* monotony that makes people like me feel hostile to their beauty.


UNIT-VI
TYPES OF SENTENCES (SEMANTIC)
Based on the meaning (Semantic) sentences are classified as:
1.Assertive sentences
2.Imperative sentences
3.Interrogative sentences
4.Exclamatory sentences
5.Affirmative sentences
6.Negative sentences
ASSERTIVE SENTENCES (OR) DECLARATIVE SENTENCES
Sentences which state, facts, describe things, or report events are called -assertive or declarative sentences.
Examples:
Dr Mohan teaches English. .
Varanasi is oh the banks of the Ganga .
Hyderabad is the capital of Andhra Pradesh. "

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Sentences that express an order,  a request, advice, a direction, a suggestion, a command, etc. are imperative sentences. These sentences start With the verb, and the subject (You) is understood Examples:
Take these books tp the library. 
Get me a cup of coffee, please.
Be neither a .borrower nor a lender
Note: There are some sentences which express ’commands’ in an indirect way. Let is used at the beginning of these sentences. Subject is hot omitted but expressed in these sentences,

Examples:
Let the manager talk to the director first.
Let’s start at once.
Let the boys assemble in the auditorium for the seminar.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Sentences that are used to make enquiries and to ask questions are interrogative or; question sentences.

Examples:
Can I help you?
What shall we have for lunch?
Is the bus late this morning? 

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
Sentences that express surprise, admiration, pity, sorrow and other feelings in an emphatic way are called exclamatory sentences.
Examples:
How fast time flies!
What a beautiful view we have from here!
What a wonderful piece of art this is  What a tragedy!

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
You  have seen that all the sentences, given above as;examples are statements, commands, questions and exclamations. They .affirm: something in a positive way. They are affirmative sentences.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES
Look at the folIowing sentences.
Examples:
He is not a rich man.
I cannot complete this work today. 
They don't understand our difficulties.
I. have never, watched a test-match.

All these are also statements but they use words such as NOT . and NEVER and are  negative in meaning. They are.called negative sentence's.
Note': Commands can also be negative
Example; Don’t touch those glass exhibits.
Sentences of this , kind are called negative commands, or prohibitions.. Also, there can be questions which are negative:

Hasn't he got a car?- '
Why didn't you come to the class in time?
Sentences of  this- kind are called negative questions


UNIT-VII 
NON-FINITES
Non-finites are verb forms which do not give complete (finite) meaning. They have none of the tenses, have no number and take no modals (auxiliary verbs). There are four types of non-finites:
1. Infinitive
2.Gerund
3.Present participle
4.Past participle

Look at these sentences:
1.She wants to buy a new house. (Infinitive)
2.Buying a new house needs money. (Gerund)
3.I found him looking for a new house. (Present participle) 
4.Wounded in the war the soldier was brought to the medical camp. (Past participle)






THE INFINITIVES
1. Look at the forms of the infinitive in the following sentences:
a.Rajitha wanted to learn photography.
b.She is reported to be learning it.
c.She is reported to have learnt painting already.
d.She is known to have been learning music for the last five years.

In these sentences you see four forms of the infinitive. The following are the structures of these four infinitives.
Sentence (a) to be+verb
Sentence (b) to + verb -ing (present participle)
Sentence (c ) to have + past participle
Sentence (d) to have + past participle of be + verb-ing

Some of these forms have the corresponding passive voice.

to learn - to be learnt:
There is a great deal to be learnt in photography, to have asked - to have been asked:
He was happy to have been asked to deliver the convocation address.

2.The infinitives shown above have the word to before them.
But look at these sentences:
a.The mother made the Child drink the medicine.
b.Then she let the child go out and play
The words underlined are infinitives but to  is omitted. This omission takes place after certain verbs like : make, let, see, hear, watch, bid, need, dare.

Exercise - 6
Rewrite the following sentences using to, wherever necessary, before the verbs given in the brackets.
1.Dr Rao asked his daughter..........home
before 9 O' clock.                (come)
2.If you have planned.............the airport
before five, you had better..........at once.
                                                  (reach,start)
3.He wouldn't let anyone.............. his
                                                (use) 
bicycle.
  4. We wanted.......... the house where 
                                              (use)
Mahatma Gandhi was born.(see)
5.He would rather........ than.......a lie.
                                            (die, tell)
THE GERUND
The gerund and the present participle have the same form, verb + ing: swimming, walking, cutting, etc. (the gerund is also called the verbal noun)
Uses of the gerund:
a.as the subject of a verb:
Swimming is a good exercise Smoking is injurious to health Speaking is easier than writing
Looking after children needs a lot of patience

b.as the object of a verb:
He likes reading detective novels.
Would you mind returning these books to him. I hate waiting at bus stop.

c.as the object of a preposition:
he minister inaugurated the school by lighting " a lamp.
He was fined for being drunk,  He is thinking to resign his job.
They resumed their journey after resting an hour.
d.as the subject complements: 
Talking to him is wasting time.
Seeing is believing.
Note:
1) The following verbs can take either an infinitive or a gerund as an object.
continue regret      try                 propose.
forget     neglect    remember  learn etc.
2).The following verbs can be followed by the infinitive (to + V)as the direct object
agree        forbid       learn         offer
care          forget         plan          decide
hope          pretend      deserve    intend
mean         refuse           fail etc.
3)The following verbs can be followed by the gerund (V + ing) as the direct object. 
admit        deny      postpone    appreciate
enjoy        practise  avoid             finish 
stop         cannot help  keeps     uggest
consider etc.
4)The following verb phrases (Verb + preposition) can be followed by the gerund (V + ing). Remember that gerunds, not infinitives; follow
 prepositions in general, 
decide on  think about   keep on  think of
plan on  put off    look forward to 

THE PARTICIPLE
Look at the words underlined in these sentences.
(i)The crying child gets milk.
 (ii) We found a man running for the bus.
(iii) Inaugurating the seminar, the Education Minister spoke about the prohibition policy.

The words underlined are participles. There are two types of participles.

(1)The Present Participle .
(2)The Past Participle

The form of the Present Participle:
Verb + ing Example: cry + ing
The form of the Past Participle: .
V+ ed           Example: wound + ed
(OR)
V+ en             Example: drunk + en 

Note:
(f) Sometimes the spellings of the past participles are different in the case of some verbs. Example: come, hit etc. 
(2)Sometimes, the present participle and the past participle can function like adjectives.

Examples:
(1)The wounded soldier was carried to 
               pt. part.
the
medical camp. 
(2)A rolling stone gathers no moss.


SECTION II - CORRECTION OF SENTENCES
UNIT-I
CORRECT USE OF NOUNS
A noun is a naming word. It is the name of a person, thing, animal, concept, river etc. Nouns are divided into three main kinds by writers of modern grammar.

I.Proper nouns:
All names by which persons, rivers, mountains, and things are called proper nouns.
Examples : Saritha, Hyderabad, The Himalayas.

II.Countable nouns:
Countable nouns are nouns that we can count: boy -- one boy, two boys, three boys, etc.
Note: The classes of nouns known as 'common nouns' (boy, table, etc.) and 'collective nouns' (flock, regiment, crowd, troop, etc.) can be included in the larger class of countable nouns.

III.Uncountable Nouns:
(also called non-count nouns)
Uncountable nouns (NCNs) name things which we cannot count or usually don't count. The classes of nouns known as Material nouns and abstract nouns can be included in this category.

Uncountable nouns fall into the following groups:
(a)Things which are considered in mass or quantity and not in numbers: sugar, sand, hair, dust etc.
(b)Materials: wood, cloth, silver, gold, iron, etc.
©Liquids: water, milk, oil, ink, honey, etc.
(d)Gases: steam, mist, nitrogen, air, etc.
(e)Natural phenomena: heat, cold, electricity, lightning, etc.
(f)Abstract nouns: stages of life, states of mind, qualities, processes, actions, ideas, etc.: courage, happiness, freedom, attention, childhood, honesty, enjoyment.
Note : A number of words used to refer to qualities,, states, actions, etc, are however countable. These may be considered exceptions.
Examples : joys, sorrows, dreams, miseries, etc.
(g)Branches of learning: Economics, Mathematics, Politics etc.
Note : There are some uncountable nouns which we refer to in parts. When we do so, we use them with expressions such as a piece of, a grain of, a kilo of, etc. Here is a list of such expressions:

a piece of chalka   a piece of information
a cake of soap       a piece of furniture
a block of ice          a loaf of bread
a piece of advice    a log of wood etc.

These expressions have their plural forms: pieces of chalk, cakes of soap, etc.
Now study carefully some rules related to the correct use of nouns:

Rule 1:
A proper noun becomes a common noun when it is used in the plural form, or an article is placed before it.
Examples :
There are five Gandhis in our college.
Vijay Kumar is the Milton of your college.
Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.

Rule 2:
A collective noun takes a singular verb.
Examples :
The committee consists of five members.
The family living next door has come from Madras.

Note : If we refer to the members of the committee or family separately, the collective noun takes a plural verb, but it (the collective noun) remains singular in form.

Rule 3 :
An abstract noun can also be used as a common noun by placing an article before it.
Example :
Rajani is a beauty (a beautiful girl)

Rule 4:
An abstract noun can also be used in the sense of a collective noun. When an abstract noun is used as a collective noun it takes a plural verb.
Examples :
Youth is the best stage of one’s life (Abstract noun) Youth are the pillars of the nations (Collective noun)

Rule 5:
When a material noun denotes a mass of matter, it is not used in the plural form.


Examples:
Their house Is built of bricks and stones (incorrect sentence)
Their house is built of brick and stone (correct sentence)

Rule 6 :
Some nouns have the same form for the plural as well as for the singular. The following are some nouns that belong to this category.
Examples:
sheep, species, deer, aircraft, offspring, yoke etc. 

Rule 7 :
Some nouns are used in the singular only. The following are some nouns that belong to this category.
Examples:
advice, corn, grain, justice, clothing, information, poetry, scenery, machinery, hair etc. 
Note: Advice is the noun form and Advise is the verb form. 
The advice of the doctor is that I should not smoke. (noun)
The doctor advised me not to smoke, (verb), 
Similarly, Practice is noun and Practise is verb.

Rule 8 :
There are some nouns which are used only in the plural form.
Examples :
scissors    shears           spectacles
trousers    pantaloons     shorts
bowels        intestines        biceps
genitals      gymnastics     premises
proceeds      riches            thanks
nuptials       outskirts         gallows
doldrums      earnings etc.

Rule 9 :
Some nouns are apparently plural in form but are singular in use.
Examples:
news, economics,' physics, measles, mumps, ethics Note: summons is singular and summonses is plural 

Rule 10 :
The following nouns are always used in plural. Examples: 
cattle, public, police, people

Rule 11:
When a plural noun denotes a specific amount, . length, weight, quantity, etc. considered as a whole the verb must be in the singular form.
Examples:
Ten thousand rupees is a large amount -
Six kilometres is not a long distance for a runner like
you.

Rule 12 :
The inanimate objects (lifeless objects) which are remarkable for beauty, gentleness, gracefulness, tenderness, weakness, and so on, are treated as feminine gender. The following are Examples:
the moon, the earth, spring, virtue, peace, charity, fame, nature, hope, justice, mercy, pity, fortune, truth, victory, defeat, modesty, liberty etc.
Note: Poets refer to them as feminine gender.

Rule 13:
The inanimate things which are known for strength courage, violence, superiority, and so forth, are treated as masculine. The following are Examples:
the sun, death, summer, winter, war, anger, fear, thunder etc.

Rule 14 :
When two or more nouns are joined by ‘and’, and a  common possession is meant, the possessive case will be formed by adding ('s) to the last word. Examples:
Amar and Kumar's house is really beautiful.;
Note:This sentence denotes that the house belongs to both Amar and Kumar.

Rule 15 :
When there are two nouns in apposition, the possessive case will be formed by adding (’s) to the second noun.
Examples:
(i) Penicillin, Flemming’s discovery, has saved the.  lives of many people.
(ii); Mohan, the professor's son, is very intelligent. 

Rule 16 :
The possessive case of a compound noun will be formed by adding (’s) to the last word.
Examples:..
Sister-in-law's house Commander-in-chief's office

Rule 17 :
If the last syllable of a singular noun ends in -s or -pe and the noun is followed by the word "sake", the possessive case of the noun will be formed by adding (') only.
Examples:
for goodness' sake, for justice' sake, 
for conscience' sake, for Jesus' sake.

Exercise -7
Correct the following sentences where necessary.
1.My friend gives me many advices regarding my future career.
2.The doctor has given me many informations about the disease.
3.The magistrate has issued a summon asking  me to attend his court on Monday.
4.My hairs have turned grey recently.
5.Our office has purchased new furnitures for our department, 
6.He is one of the notorious troubles-maker in the town.
7.Four thiefs broke into my cousin's house yesterday.
8.The H.M.T. factory has the latest machineries.
9.His little daughter is capable of many mischiefs.
10.The magistrate has passed order for his release from prison.
11.This scissor will not cut such a hard wire.
12.I have seen many cannons in the military parade ground.
13.The beggar is begging for aIm.
14.He has lost all his luggages on his way home.
15.The company wants to dispose of the equipment.
16.She took great pain to write the essay properly.
17.The first innings is over just now.
18.These sceneries of Kashmir are beautiful,
19.My brother-in-laws will come to our house next week.
20.These golds have been brought from South Africa.


UNIT-II
CORRECT USE OF PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word used in the place of a noun. Types of pronouns:

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Person               Singular           Plural
First person          I                        We
Second person    You                  You
Third person        He, She, It        They

Forms of Pronouns: (cases)
Nominative case  Accusativecase     Possessive  
(subject)                   (object)
I                                   Me                        My           Mine
We                            Us                        Our            Ours
You                         You                      Your           Yours
He                           Him                       His                 His
She                        Her                      Her                   Hers
It                              It                          Its                       Its
They                   Them                  Their                  Theirs
Note: The forms my, our, your, his, her, its and their are determiners. They can .also be used as possessive adjectives.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS:
Example: this book is his.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS:
Examples:
(1)She washed herself at a well. '
(2)They killed themselves finally. '
(3)I must blame myself for this.
EMPHATIC PRONOUNS:
Example:
I offered to drive the car myself. She herself did the mistake.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS:
Examples:
(1)That is Dr. Rao's house.
(2)These are good books.
(3)Those are some new buildings.
(4)This is your passport.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS:
Example:
(1)Some are born great.
(2)Anyone can take a horse to the pond, but no one can make It drink. 
Other indefinite : somebody, anybody, anything, something, (the) other, others, another,
pronouns are nobody, nothing etc.

PRONOUNS OF NUMBER:
Examples:
(1)Of the ten guests, three were men.
(2)Many of them are not good books.

PRONOUNS OF QUANTITY:
Examples:
more, much, little, etc.

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS:
Look at the pronouns underlined in the sentences given below:
Examples:
(1)Everyone has his own problems.
(2)Either of these applicants can be employed.
(3)Neither of the students can get through the examination.
(4)Each of those players deserves a prize.
(5)Everybody will be given a chance to participate in this match.
These words, which are underlined, are distributive pronouns. They are called so because they refer to persons considered individually. The distributive pronouns are in the singular number and are therefore followed by singular verbs.
Note: 1. Neither is a negative word which is used to refer to two persons or things;
2.None is also a negative word which is used to refer to more than two persons of things.
3.The usage: Each one of the boys...(is
wrong)

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS:
Look at these sentences:
Examples:
(1)The two girls helped each other in every respect.
(2)The political parties quarrelled with one another.