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torsional pendulum experiment viva questions with answers
#1

Physics Lab Viva Voce

(1) Torsional Pendulum :
(1) Define Rigidity of modulus ?
Ans : When tangential surface forces are applied on a body , the successive layers of the material are moved or sheared.This type of strain is called shearing strain. The ratio of tangential stress to shearing strain is called Rigidity of modulus
Rigidity of modulus= Tangential stress / shearing strain.
Tangential stress = Force/Area.
Shearing strain=
(2) Define Moment Of Inertia ?
Ans : It is the measure of the inertia of a body in rotatory motion.
It depends upon the axis of rotation, mass of the body and also on the distribution of the mass about the axis.
(3) What is the meaning in calling this a pendulum ?
Ans : The disc is making oscillations around a vertical axis passing through its centre of mass and hence the arrangement is called a torsional pendulum.
(4) Difference between simple pendulum and torsional pendulum ?
Ans : In a simple pendulum the Simple harmonic motion is due to the restoring force which is the component of the weight of the bob.
In a torsional pendulum the Simple harmonic motion is due to the restoring couple araising out of torsion and shearing strain.
(5)What is S.H.M ?
Ans : A body is said to have a S.H.M , if its acceleration is always directed towards a fixed point on its path and is proportional to its displacement from the fixed point.
(6)what is Young s modulus ?
Ans : It is the ratio of longitudinal stress to the longitudinal strain.
(7)Define Time Period ?
Ans : Time taken for one complete oscillation.
(2)Melde s :
(1) What do u mean by Frequency ?
Ans : Number of vibrations per second.
(2) Define Resonance ?
Ans : Vibrating a body with its natural frequency under the influence of another vibrating body is called resonance.
(3) What u meant by Progressive wave ?
Ans : A disturbance created in an elastic medium propogates outwards in an elastic medium in the form of a wave, is called progressive wave.
(4) How many types of progressive waves are there ?
Ans : progressive waves are of two types and they are (1)transverse waves and (2)longitudinal waves.
The type of wave is based on how the particles of the elastic medium vibrate with respect to the direction of propogation of the wave.
Progressive waves always travels in the forward direction only and gets never returned back.
(5) Difference between transverse wave and longitudinal wave ?
Ans : In a transverse wave the particle vibrate perpendicularly where as in longitudinal wave the particle vibrate parallelly with respect to the direction of propogation of a wave.
(6) What u meant by standing wave ?
Ans : standing waves means superposition of propogating waves that have same amplitudes and frequencies but traveling in opposite directions.
The term standing or stationary refers to the fact that the nodes and antinodes of the wave remain fixed in position.
(7) In our experiment which type of wave passing along the thread ?
Ans : In both the modes only transverse wave will passing along the thread.
(8) Why the frequency is different in longitudinal mode when compared with the transverse mode ?
Ans : In longitudinal mode , for one complete vibration of the source the string completes only half vibration where as in transverse mode the string completes one complete oscillation for one complete vibration.

(3) Newton s Rings :
(1) What is the basic principle of newton s rings experiment ?
Ans : The basic principle of newtons rings experiment is Interference phenominan.
(2) Define Interference phenomena?
Ans : The phenominan of Newton s rings is an illustration of the interference of light waves reflected from the opposite surfaces of a thin film of variable thickness.
(3)Why the rings are circular ?
Ans : The path difference along the circle is constant that s why the rings are circular in this experiment.

(4)What are Newton s Rings ?
Ans : Alternate dark and bright rings with central dark spot are called newton s rings.
(5)Why it is necessary for the light to fall normally on plano convex lens ?
Ans : For interference.
(6) What is constructive interference and destructive interference ?
Ans : When two light waves interfere at each other such that the resultant intensity at a point increase due to the interference of two waves is called Constructive interference.
If the resultant intensity is minimum then that is called Destructive Interference.
(7) What is the purpose of glass plate incline at 450 in this experiment ?
Ans : For normal incidence of light wave.
(8)Why the centre of the rings is dark ?
Ans : Because the plano convex lens and the plane lens both are in contact and at that particular place the centre dark ring will appear.
(9)Which light do u use in this experiment ?
Ans : Monochromatic light. Example : Sodium light.
(10)What will happen if we use White light in this experiment ?
Ans : Coloured fringes will form.
(11)If u replace yellow light with green light ,is there any difference in the formation of rings ?
Ans : No ,because both are Monochromatic lights only.
(4) Dispersive power of prism :
(1) What is prism ?
Ans : A transparent medium like glass bounded by two smooth surfaces which are transparent and one rough surface which is not transparent.
(2)What u meant by Angular Dispersion ?
Ans : the difference in deviation between any two colours.
(3)Dispersive power of the prism ?
Ans : The ability to disperse various colours of the light.
(4)What is Refractive index ?
Ans : The ratio of sine of angle of incidence in the first medium to the sine of angle of refraction in the second medium.
(5)What is Spectrometer ?
Ans : It is an optical instrument which is used to study the nature of light.
It consists of collimator,prism table and telescope.
(6)What is the function of Collimator ?
Ans : It will produce parallel beam of light.
(7)What u meant by Angle of Prism ?
Ans : Angle between two refracting surfaces of the prism.
(8)What is Dispersion of Light ?
Ans : When the light is allowed to fall on one of the refracting surfaces of a prism , it is split into its constituent colours.This splitting of light into its constituent
colors by refraction through prism is called Dispersion of light.
(9)What is the main optical action of the prism ?
Ans : The main optical action of a prism is to disperse white light into its component parts.
Dispersion of light is minor optical action of prism , but main effect of a prism is to deviate a beam of light.
(10)What type of prism do u use in this experiment ?
Ans : Crown prism.
(11)What are the units of Dispersive power ?
Ans : No units.
(12)What type of light do u use in this experiment ?
Ans : White light.
(13)Which colour in the spectrum is having more refractive index ?
Ans : Violet Colour.
The refractive index for Violet is maxium when compared to other colours.
The refractive index for Red is minimum when compared to other colours.

(5) R- C Circuit :
(1) What is the purpose of Capacitors ?
Ans : Capacitors are used to store electrical energy.
(2) What the resistor will do ?
Ans : It will oppose the charge.
(3) What is the purpose of Inductors ?
Ans : Inductors are also used to store electrical energy but in capacitors the energy is stored in electric fields and in inductors the energy is stored in magnetic
fields.
(4) What is Time constant ?
Ans : Time required to get 36% of the current.
(5) What is capacitance ?
Ans : The electric charge on the surface of the body is directly proportional to the potential of the body.
ie q v C=q/v
(6) Define potential ?
Ans : The electric potential at a point in the electric field is defined as the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinite distance towards electric field
is known as electric potential at that point. ie, V = w/q.
(7) What u meant by capacity of a conductor ?
Ans : The ability of a conductor to hold electric charge is called the capacity of a conductor.
(6) L-C-R Circuit :
(1) What will happen if both capacitor and inductor are connected in a circuit ?
Ans : When a capacitor and an inductor are combined in a single circuit the energy can be traded back and forth between them at any given time.This leads to
oscillations in the circuit.(ex : radio receiver ).
(2) What is quality factor ?
Ans : It is the ratio between Resonant frequency to the Band Width.
ie., Q = f0 / f Where f = f2 f1 .
(3) What is impedence ?
Ans : It is the ratio between Maximum voltage value to the current value. Z = Vmax / I .
(4) What is Resonant frequency ?
Ans : The maximum / minimum current occurs at particular frequency in the circuit is known as resonant frequency.
(5) LCR series circuit is called Acceptor.Why ?
Ans : Because the impedence is mimimum at resonant.
(6) What is the relation between impedence and current in this series circuit ?
Ans : Inversly proportional because in LCR series circuit the impedence is minimum at resonant but we get maximum current at that particular resonant.
That means if the current is less the impedence is high and if the current is more the impedence is less.
(7) What is he status of a current in series and parallel connections ?
Ans : In series the current will be maximum and in parallel the current will be minimum.

(7) Energy Gap Of A Semi Conductor :
(1) What is diode ?
Ans : The diode consists of two electrodes one is cathode and another is anode. The cathode emits electrons and the anode will attracts the emitted electrons when it is supplied by positive potential.
(2) What is energy gap ?
Ans : The gap between conduction band and the valency band is called Energy Gap.To move the electrons from the valency band to conduction band the supplied external voltage must be equal to energy gap.
(3) What is valency band ?
Ans : The range of energy which is possessed by vaency electrons is known as valency band.Here the electrons which are situated at outer most orbits are called valency electrons.The valency band consists of valency electrons which are having highest energy.
(4) What is conduction band ?
Ans : The range of energies possessed by a conducting electrons is known as conduction band.the conduction electrons are responsible for the conduction of current in a conducting material. So , these electrons are called as conduction electrons.
(5) How many types of solid materials are there and what are those materials?
Ans : Based on the energy gap the solid materials are classified into 3 types they are : conductors , insulators and semi conductors.
(6) what is a conductor ?
Ans : Those substances whose atoms have their outermost orbits incomplete are known as conductors(ex:Sodium , 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 ).In these conductors the valency electrons are very closely bounded to the nucleus and hence they can easilymove from valenvy band to conduction band.so, the energy gap is very less or zero.
(7) what is insulator ?
Ans : Those substances which have more and more energy gap between valency and conduction band they are called insulators.In these materials the valency electrons are very lightly bounded to nucleus.
(8) What are Semi conductors ?
Ans : Those substances which have conductivity and resistivity properties in between conductors and insulators are called semi conductors.(ex : Si , Ge).Energy gap of these semiconductors lies between 0.5 to 1.1 eV.(Foe Ge it is 0.5 0.7eV ).
(9)How many types of semi conductors are there ?
Ans : Two types of semi conductors are there (1) Intrinsic or pure semi conductors.(2) Extrinsic or impure semi conductors.
(10)What is intrinsic semi conductor ?
Ans : Intrinsic semi conductor is a pure semiconductor.In these semi conductors if the temperature increases then the conductivity is also increases.At higher temperatures due to collisions some electrons absorb energy and raises to conduction band then in their places in valency band holes are created.
In intrinsic semiconductor number of holes are equal to number of electrons.
(11) What u meant by Fermi energy level ?
Ans : The average energy of charge carriers is calculated by Fermi energy level.
In pure semi conductors Fermi energy level is at the centre of the valency and conduction bands.
In P-type semi conductors(extrinsic/impure semiconductor) Fermi energy level is near to the valency band.
In N-type semi conductors(extrinsic/impure semiconductor) Fermi energy level is near to the conduction band.
(12)What is Doping and Dopant?
Ans : The process of adding impurities to a pure semi conductor is called doping .And the material added as a impurity is called as Dopant.
(13)What u meant by Extrinsic or impure semi conductor ?
Ans : A pure semiconductor after doping is called extrinsic or impure semi conductor.We can add either trivalent or pentavalent impurities.
(14)What is P-type semi conductor ?
Ans : If we add trivalent impurities such as Aluminium to a pure semi conductor then that is called P-type semi conductor.
(15)Why P-type semi conductor is called Acceptor impurity ?
Ans : Because 3 electrons of trivalent atom makes covalent bonds with Semiconductors such as Si or Ge and there is a need of one more electron in Si or Ge because Si or Ge has 4 electrons in their outermost orbits.
(16)What is N-type semi conductor ?
Ans : If we add pentavalent impurities such as Arsinic to a pure semi conductor then that is called N-type semi conductor.
(17)Why N-type semi conductor is called Donar impurity ?
Ans : Because 4 electrons of pentavalent atom makes covalent bonds with Semiconductors such as Si or Ge which have 4 electrons in their outermost orbits and hence there is one free electron in pentavaent atom.
(18) What is P-N junction diode ?
Ans : If P-type and N-type semi conductors are combined to each other then that is called P-N junction diode.That means If we dopped trivalent impurities to one end of the pure semi conductor and pentavalent impurities to other end of the pure semiconductor then that is called P-N junction diode.
(19)What you meant by Forward Biasing ?
Ans : When a battery positive terminal is connected to P-terminal and battery negative terminal is connected to N-terminal then that is said to be in forward bias mode. Here the P-holes are repelled by the positive terminal of the battery and N-electrons are repelled by the negative terminal of the battery and hence both holes and electrons moves towards the junction and then this causes the depletion layer decreases.
This Forward Biasing is also called as low resistance connection .In this bias the current is mainly due to majority charge carriers.
(20) What you meant by Reverse Biasing ?
Ans : When a battery positive terminal is connected to N-terminal and battery negative terminal is connected to P-terminal then that is said to be in reverse bias mode. Here the P-holes are attracted by the negative polarity of the battery and N-electrons are attracted by the positive polarity of the battery and hence both holes and electrons move away from the junction and then this causes the depletion layer increases.
This Forward Biasing is also called as High resistance connection .In this bias the current is mainly due to minority charge carriers.In this mode very small current flows across the junction.
Reply

#2
(1) Torsional Pendulum :
(1) Define Rigidity of modulus ?
Ans : When tangential surface forces are applied on a body , the successive layers of the material are moved or sheared.This type of strain is called shearing strain. The ratio of tangential stress to shearing strain is called Rigidity of modulus
Rigidity of modulus= Tangential stress / shearing strain.
Tangential stress = Force/Area.
Shearing strain=
(2) Define Moment Of Inertia ?
Ans : It is the measure of the inertia of a body in rotatory motion.
It depends upon the axis of rotation, mass of the body and also on the distribution of the mass about the axis.
(3) What is the meaning in calling this a pendulum ?
Ans : The disc is making oscillations around a vertical axis passing through its centre of mass and hence the arrangement is called a torsional pendulum.
(4) Difference between simple pendulum and torsional pendulum ?
Ans : In a simple pendulum the Simple harmonic motion is due to the restoring force which is the component of the weight of the bob.
In a torsional pendulum the Simple harmonic motion is due to the restoring couple araising out of torsion and shearing strain.
(5)What is S.H.M ?
Ans : A body is said to have a S.H.M , if its acceleration is always directed towards a fixed point on its path and is proportional to its displacement from the fixed point.
(6)what is Young s modulus ?
Ans : It is the ratio of longitudinal stress to the longitudinal strain.
(7)Define Time Period ?
Ans : Time taken for one complete oscillation.
(2)Melde s :
(1) What do u mean by Frequency ?
Ans : Number of vibrations per second.
(2) Define Resonance ?
Ans : Vibrating a body with its natural frequency under the influence of another vibrating body is called resonance.
(3) What u meant by Progressive wave ?
Ans : A disturbance created in an elastic medium propogates outwards in an elastic medium in the form of a wave, is called progressive wave.
(4) How many types of progressive waves are there ?
Ans : progressive waves are of two types and they are (1)transverse waves and (2)longitudinal waves.
The type of wave is based on how the particles of the elastic medium vibrate with respect to the direction of propogation of the wave.
Progressive waves always travels in the forward direction only and gets never returned back.
(5) Difference between transverse wave and longitudinal wave ?
Ans : In a transverse wave the particle vibrate perpendicularly where as in longitudinal wave the particle vibrate parallelly with respect to the direction of propogation of a wave.
(6) What u meant by standing wave ?
Ans : standing waves means superposition of propogating waves that have same amplitudes and frequencies but traveling in opposite directions.
The term standing or stationary refers to the fact that the nodes and antinodes of the wave remain fixed in position.
(7) In our experiment which type of wave passing along the thread ?
Ans : In both the modes only transverse wave will passing along the thread.
(8) Why the frequency is different in longitudinal mode when compared with the transverse mode ?
Ans : In longitudinal mode , for one complete vibration of the source the string completes only half vibration where as in transverse mode the string completes one complete oscillation for one complete vibration.

(3) Newton s Rings :
(1) What is the basic principle of newton s rings experiment ?
Ans : The basic principle of newtons rings experiment is Interference phenominan.
(2) Define Interference phenomena?
Ans : The phenominan of Newton s rings is an illustration of the interference of light waves reflected from the opposite surfaces of a thin film of variable thickness.
(3)Why the rings are circular ?
Ans : The path difference along the circle is constant that s why the rings are circular in this experiment.

(4)What are Newton s Rings ?
Ans : Alternate dark and bright rings with central dark spot are called newton s rings.
(5)Why it is necessary for the light to fall normally on plano convex lens ?
Ans : For interference.
(6) What is constructive interference and destructive interference ?
Ans : When two light waves interfere at each other such that the resultant intensity at a point increase due to the interference of two waves is called Constructive interference.
If the resultant intensity is minimum then that is called Destructive Interference.
(7) What is the purpose of glass plate incline at 450 in this experiment ?
Ans : For normal incidence of light wave.
(8)Why the centre of the rings is dark ?
Ans : Because the plano convex lens and the plane lens both are in contact and at that particular place the centre dark ring will appear.
(9)Which light do u use in this experiment ?
Ans : Monochromatic light. Example : Sodium light.
(10)What will happen if we use White light in this experiment ?
Ans : Coloured fringes will form.
(11)If u replace yellow light with green light ,is there any difference in the formation of rings ?
Ans : No ,because both are Monochromatic lights only.
(4) Dispersive power of prism :
(1) What is prism ?
Ans : A transparent medium like glass bounded by two smooth surfaces which are transparent and one rough surface which is not transparent.
(2)What u meant by Angular Dispersion ?
Ans : the difference in deviation between any two colours.
(3)Dispersive power of the prism ?
Ans : The ability to disperse various colours of the light.
(4)What is Refractive index ?
Ans : The ratio of sine of angle of incidence in the first medium to the sine of angle of refraction in the second medium.
(5)What is Spectrometer ?
Ans : It is an optical instrument which is used to study the nature of light.
It consists of collimator,prism table and telescope.
(6)What is the function of Collimator ?
Ans : It will produce parallel beam of light.
(7)What u meant by Angle of Prism ?
Ans : Angle between two refracting surfaces of the prism.
(8)What is Dispersion of Light ?
Ans : When the light is allowed to fall on one of the refracting surfaces of a prism , it is split into its constituent colours.This splitting of light into its constituent
colors by refraction through prism is called Dispersion of light.
(9)What is the main optical action of the prism ?
Ans : The main optical action of a prism is to disperse white light into its component parts.
Dispersion of light is minor optical action of prism , but main effect of a prism is to deviate a beam of light.
(10)What type of prism do u use in this experiment ?
Ans : Crown prism.
(11)What are the units of Dispersive power ?
Ans : No units.
(12)What type of light do u use in this experiment ?
Ans : White light.
(13)Which colour in the spectrum is having more refractive index ?
Ans : Violet Colour.
The refractive index for Violet is maxium when compared to other colours.
The refractive index for Red is minimum when compared to other colours.

(5) R- C Circuit :
(1) What is the purpose of Capacitors ?
Ans : Capacitors are used to store electrical energy.
(2) What the resistor will do ?
Ans : It will oppose the charge.
(3) What is the purpose of Inductors ?
Ans : Inductors are also used to store electrical energy but in capacitors the energy is stored in electric fields and in inductors the energy is stored in magnetic
fields.
(4) What is Time constant ?
Ans : Time required to get 36% of the current.
(5) What is capacitance ?
Ans : The electric charge on the surface of the body is directly proportional to the potential of the body.
ie q v C=q/v
(6) Define potential ?
Ans : The electric potential at a point in the electric field is defined as the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinite distance towards electric field
is known as electric potential at that point. ie, V = w/q.
(7) What u meant by capacity of a conductor ?
Ans : The ability of a conductor to hold electric charge is called the capacity of a conductor.
(6) L-C-R Circuit :
(1) What will happen if both capacitor and inductor are connected in a circuit ?
Ans : When a capacitor and an inductor are combined in a single circuit the energy can be traded back and forth between them at any given time.This leads to
oscillations in the circuit.(ex : radio receiver ).
(2) What is quality factor ?
Ans : It is the ratio between Resonant frequency to the Band Width.
ie., Q = f0 / f Where f = f2 f1 .
(3) What is impedence ?
Ans : It is the ratio between Maximum voltage value to the current value. Z = Vmax / I .
(4) What is Resonant frequency ?
Ans : The maximum / minimum current occurs at particular frequency in the circuit is known as resonant frequency.
(5) LCR series circuit is called Acceptor.Why ?
Ans : Because the impedence is mimimum at resonant.
(6) What is the relation between impedence and current in this series circuit ?
Ans : Inversly proportional because in LCR series circuit the impedence is minimum at resonant but we get maximum current at that particular resonant.
That means if the current is less the impedence is high and if the current is more the impedence is less.
(7) What is he status of a current in series and parallel connections ?
Ans : In series the current will be maximum and in parallel the current will be minimum.

(7) Energy Gap Of A Semi Conductor :
(1) What is diode ?
Ans : The diode consists of two electrodes one is cathode and another is anode. The cathode emits electrons and the anode will attracts the emitted electrons when it is supplied by positive potential.
(2) What is energy gap ?
Ans : The gap between conduction band and the valency band is called Energy Gap.To move the electrons from the valency band to conduction band the supplied external voltage must be equal to energy gap.
(3) What is valency band ?
Ans : The range of energy which is possessed by vaency electrons is known as valency band.Here the electrons which are situated at outer most orbits are called valency electrons.The valency band consists of valency electrons which are having highest energy.
(4) What is conduction band ?
Ans : The range of energies possessed by a conducting electrons is known as conduction band.the conduction electrons are responsible for the conduction of current in a conducting material. So , these electrons are called as conduction electrons.
(5) How many types of solid materials are there and what are those materials?
Ans : Based on the energy gap the solid materials are classified into 3 types they are : conductors , insulators and semi conductors.
(6) what is a conductor ?
Ans : Those substances whose atoms have their outermost orbits incomplete are known as conductors(ex:Sodium , 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 ).In these conductors the valency electrons are very closely bounded to the nucleus and hence they can easilymove from valenvy band to conduction band.so, the energy gap is very less or zero.
(7) what is insulator ?
Ans : Those substances which have more and more energy gap between valency and conduction band they are called insulators.In these materials the valency electrons are very lightly bounded to nucleus.
(8) What are Semi conductors ?
Ans : Those substances which have conductivity and resistivity properties in between conductors and insulators are called semi conductors.(ex : Si , Ge).Energy gap of these semiconductors lies between 0.5 to 1.1 eV.(Foe Ge it is 0.5 0.7eV ).
(9)How many types of semi conductors are there ?
Ans : Two types of semi conductors are there (1) Intrinsic or pure semi conductors.(2) Extrinsic or impure semi conductors.
(10)What is intrinsic semi conductor ?
Ans : Intrinsic semi conductor is a pure semiconductor.In these semi conductors if the temperature increases then the conductivity is also increases.At higher temperatures due to collisions some electrons absorb energy and raises to conduction band then in their places in valency band holes are created.
In intrinsic semiconductor number of holes are equal to number of electrons.
(11) What u meant by Fermi energy level ?
Ans : The average energy of charge carriers is calculated by Fermi energy level.
In pure semi conductors Fermi energy level is at the centre of the valency and conduction bands.
In P-type semi conductors(extrinsic/impure semiconductor) Fermi energy level is near to the valency band.
In N-type semi conductors(extrinsic/impure semiconductor) Fermi energy level is near to the conduction band.
(12)What is Doping and Dopant?
Ans : The process of adding impurities to a pure semi conductor is called doping .And the material added as a impurity is called as Dopant.
(13)What u meant by Extrinsic or impure semi conductor ?
Ans : A pure semiconductor after doping is called extrinsic or impure semi conductor.We can add either trivalent or pentavalent impurities.
(14)What is P-type semi conductor ?
Ans : If we add trivalent impurities such as Aluminium to a pure semi conductor then that is called P-type semi conductor.
(15)Why P-type semi conductor is called Acceptor impurity ?
Ans : Because 3 electrons of trivalent atom makes covalent bonds with Semiconductors such as Si or Ge and there is a need of one more electron in Si or Ge because Si or Ge has 4 electrons in their outermost orbits.
(16)What is N-type semi conductor ?
Ans : If we add pentavalent impurities such as Arsinic to a pure semi conductor then that is called N-type semi conductor.
(17)Why N-type semi conductor is called Donar impurity ?
Ans : Because 4 electrons of pentavalent atom makes covalent bonds with Semiconductors such as Si or Ge which have 4 electrons in their outermost orbits and hence there is one free electron in pentavaent atom.
(18) What is P-N junction diode ?
Ans : If P-type and N-type semi conductors are combined to each other then that is called P-N junction diode.That means If we dopped trivalent impurities to one end of the pure semi conductor and pentavalent impurities to other end of the pure semiconductor then that is called P-N junction diode.
(19)What you meant by Forward Biasing ?
Ans : When a battery positive terminal is connected to P-terminal and battery negative terminal is connected to N-terminal then that is said to be in forward bias mode. Here the P-holes are repelled by the positive terminal of the battery and N-electrons are repelled by the negative terminal of the battery and hence both holes and electrons moves towards the junction and then this causes the depletion layer decreases.
This Forward Biasing is also called as low resistance connection .In this bias the current is mainly due to majority charge carriers.
(20) What you meant by Reverse Biasing ?
Ans : When a battery positive terminal is connected to N-terminal and battery negative terminal is connected to P-terminal then that is said to be in reverse bias mode. Here the P-holes are attracted by the negative polarity of the battery and N-electrons are attracted by the positive polarity of the battery and hence both holes and electrons move away from the junction and then this causes the depletion layer increases.
Reply

#3
Aim:

To determine the rigidity modulus of the suspension wire using torsion pendulum.

Apparatus:

The given torsion pendulum, two identical cyllindrical masses, stop watch, metre scale, etc.

Theory:

What is Torsional Oscillation?

A body suspended by a thread or wire which twists first in one direction and then in the reverse direction, in the horizontal plane is called a torsional pendulum.The first torsion pendulum was developed by Robert Leslie in 1793.

A simple schematic representation of a torsion pendulum is given below,


The period of oscillation of torsion pendulum is given as,


Where I=moment of inertia of the suspended body; C=couple/unit twist

But we have an expression for couple per unit twist C as,

Where l =length of the suspension wire; r=radius of the wire; n=rigidity modulus of the suspension wire

Substituting (2) in (1) and squaring,we get an expression for rigidity modulus for the suspension wire as,

We can use the above formula directly if we calculate the moment of inertia of the disc,I as (1/2)MR2.

Now,let I0 be the moment of inertia of the disc alone and I1 & I2 be the moment of inertia of the disc with identical masses at distances d1&d2 respectively.If I1 is the moment of inertia of each identical mass about the vertical axis passing through its centre of gravity, then


But from equation (1) ,

Where T0,T1,T2 are the periods of torsional oscillation without identical mass,with identical pass at position d1,d2 respectively.

Dividing equation (6) by (9) and using (5),

Therefore,The moment of inertia of the disc,

Now substituting equation (2) and (5) in (9),we get the expression for rigidity modulus 'n' as,
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#4
A torsion pendulum clock, or torsion clock (also known as 400-day or anniversary clock), is a mechanical clock which keeps time with a mechanism called a torsion pendulum. This is a weighted disk or wheel, often a decorative wheel with 3 or 4 chrome balls on ornate spokes, suspended by a thin wire or ribbon called a torsion spring (also known as "suspension spring"). The torsion pendulum rotates about the vertical axis of the wire, twisting it, instead of swinging like an ordinary pendulum. The force of the twisting torsion spring reverses the direction of rotation, so the torsion pendulum oscillates slowly, clockwise and counterclockwise. The clock's gears apply a pulse of torque to the top of the torsion spring with each rotation to keep the wheel going. The wheel and torsion spring function similarly to a watch's balance wheel and hairspring, as a harmonic oscillator to control the rate of the clock's hands.
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#5
Aim:

To determine the rigidity modulus of the suspension wire using torsion pendulum.

Apparatus:

The given torsion pendulum, two identical cyllindrical masses, stop watch, metre scale, etc.

Theory:

What is Torsional Oscillation?

A body suspended by a thread or wire which twists first in one direction and then in the reverse direction, in the horizontal plane is called a torsional pendulum.The first torsion pendulum was developed by Robert Leslie in 1793.


http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=280&sim=1518&cnt=1
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