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ULTRASONIC LAMP BRIGHTNESS CONTROLLER project presentation
#1

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Ultrasonic Circuits


INTRODUCTION

This is a very interesting project with many practical applications in security and alarm systems for homes, shops and cars. It consists of a set of ultrasonic receiver and transmitter which operate at the same frequency. When something moves in the area covered by the circuit the circuit s fine balance is disturbed and the alarm is triggered. The circuit is very sensitive and can be adjusted to reset itself automatically or to stay triggered till it is reset manually after an alarm.

Technical Specifications Characteristics
Working voltage: 12V DC
Current: 30 mA

WORKING PRINCIPLE

As it has already been stated the circuit consists of an ultrasonic transmitter and a receiver both of which work at the same frequency. They use ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers as output and input devices respectively and their frequency of operation is determined by the particular devices in use.
The transmitter is built around two NAND gates of the four found in IC3 which are used here wired as inverters and in the particular circuit they form a multivibrator the output of which drives the transducer. The trimmer P2 adjusts the output frequency of the transmitter and for greater efficiency it should be made the same as the frequency of resonance of the transducers in use. The receiver similarly uses a transducer to receive the signals that are reflected back to it the output of which is amplified by the transistor TR3, and IC1 which is a 741 op-amp. The output of IC1 is taken to the non inverting input of IC2 the amplification factor of which is adjusted by means of P1. The circuit is adjusted in such a way as to stay in balance as long the same as the output frequency of the transmitter. If there is some movement in the area covered by the ultrasonic emission the signal
that is reflected back to the receiver becomes distorted and the circuit is thrown out of balance. The output of IC2 changes abruptly and the Schmitt trigger circuit which is built around the remaining two gates in IC3 is triggered. This drives the output transistors TR1,2 which in turn give a signal to the alarm system or if there is a relay connected to the circuit, in series with the collector of TR1, it becomes activated. The circuit works from 9-12 VDC and can be used with batteries or a power supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM CONSTRUCTION
First of all let us consider a few basics in building electronic circuits on a printed circuit board. The board is made of a thin insulating material clad with a thin layer of conductive copper that is shaped in such a way as to form the necessary conductors between the various components of the circuit. The use of a properly designed printed circuit board is very desirable as it speeds construction up considerably and reduces the possibility of making errors. Smart Kit boards also come pre-drilled and with the outline of the components and their identification printed on the component side to make construction easier. Soldering the components to the board is the only way to build our circuit and from the way we do it depends greatly your success or failure. This work is not very difficult and if we stick to a few rules we should have no problems. The soldering iron that we use must be light and its power should not exceed the 25 Watts. The tip should be fine and must be kept clean at all times. For this purpose come very handy specially made sponges that are kept wet and from time to time we can wipe the hot tip on them to remove all the residues that tend to accumulate on it. There are many different types of solder in the market and we should choose a good quality one that contains the necessary flux in its core, to assure a perfect joint every time. We DO NOT use soldering flux apart from that which is already included in our solder.
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#2
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ULTRASONIC LAMP BRIGHTNESS CONTROLLER

Presented By :
P.V.S.Chaitanya (2006EE040)
D.V.Subrahmanyam (2006EE058)
M.Ravi (2006EE028)
P.Lokesh (2006EE035)

Under the esteemed guidance of
Ch.Das Prakash, M.Tech.
Assistant Professor.


OBJECTIVE


Remote control of AC voltage by phase control of a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) in a simple and easy way at low cost.


INTRODUCTION

Transmitter circuit generates ultrasonic sound waves of 40-50kHz frequency.
The receiver senses the ultrasonic sound from the transmitter and enables a unijunction transistor (UJT) based relaxation oscillator.
phase control of silicon controlled rectifier controls the lamp brightness.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT:
RECIEVER CIRCUIT
RECIEVER CIRCUIT



Components:

40 kHz Ultrasonic reciever
BC549C npn transistor
CA3140 Operational Amplifier
CD4017 Decade Counter
2N2646 UJT
TYN6004 SCR
9.1 V Zener Diode
Diode Bridge


BLOCK 1: AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

BC549C
NPN transistor.
Used for amplification and switching.
Max : 45v;100mA;


Advantages of CE Configuration:

High gain
High input impedance
two Npn transistors are used for amplification in CE configuration
T1 amplifies the signal given , output is given to T2 for further amplification
BLOCK 2: FILTER & RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
BLOCK3 : COMPARATOR CIRCUIT


CA 3140 OP AMP

gate protected MOSFET (PMOS) transistors in the input circuit
rectified input: 2;
Reference input: 3
Vdd: 7
Gnd: 4
Output: 6
Inverting comparator as schmitt trigger with Positive feed back


Advantages of positive feed back :

High switching speed.
False transition due to noise
can be eliminated
BLOCK 4: DECADE COUNTER
IC4017B - 5-stage Johnson counter

TIMING DIAGRAM:

BLOCK5: PHASE CONTROL CIRCUIT
2N2646 UJT:


Features:

Low power consumption.
Reliable fast operation.
BLOCK6: Power Circuit
AC mains is recitified by diodes D13 through D16 and limited to 9.1V by using zener diode ZD1.


APPLICATIONS:

The circuit can be used as power controller in
Lighting Equipment,
House hold appliances
Single-phase AC Motor
Heater , etc



CONCLUSION & SCOPE

our project is a simple way of wire less AC voltage control at low cost.
It can be extended to high rating operations.
Can be Extended and applied where the size of AC voltage control operation is an important aspect.


REFERENCES:

DIGITAL CIRCUIT DESIGN Marris Mano
POWER ELECTRONICS P.S. Bhimra
LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Ramakanth A. Gaykwad
Wikipedia.org;
Datasheets of CA3140, 2N2646, CD4017, CD4001B
QUERIES???
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#3

to get information about the topic ULTRASONIC LAMP BRIGHTNESS CONTROLLER full report ppt and related topic refer the page link bellow

http://seminarsprojects.net/Thread-ultra...esentation
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