08-17-2017, 12:05 AM
APPLICATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES
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INTRODUCTION
Enzymes are biological catalysts, organic compounds produced by living organisms that accelerate the transformation rate of substrate to the end product by lowering the activation energy barrier. And these effective catalytic properties of enzymes have already promoted their introduction into several industrial products and processes. Enzymes found in nature have been used since ancient times in the production of food products such as cheese, sourdough, beer, wine and vinegar and in the manufacture of commodities such as leather, indigo & linen. Recent development in modern biotechnology particularly in RDT, protein engineering & directed evolution have allowed the introduction of enzymes into true industrial products & processes
HISTORY
Diastase was the first commercialized enzyme in 1830.
In 1874, Hansen introduced high purity industrial enzyme, the Rennin.
In 1876, William Kuhne coined the term Enzyme .
In 1917, Boidin & Effront used first time enzymes in textile industries.
In 1950, Dr. Jaag developed a new product called Bio40 containing a bacterial protease to be used in detergents for the first time.
In 1960, glucoamylase was launched first time for starch hydrolysis.
Even Today, enzymes are still a major subject for academic research.
Enzyme Engineering
A most exciting development over the last few years is the application of genetic engineering techniques to enzyme technology. There are a number of properties which may be improved or altered by genetic engineering including the yield and kinetics of the enzyme, the ease of downstream processing and various safety aspects.
There are two general strategies for Enzyme Engineering:-
1) Rational Design
2) Directed evolution
Rational Design Advantages
Do not require screen or selection system
RD will become more efficient, with increasing database of structure, mechanism & protein modeling tools
Disadvantages
> Not feasible for most of enzymes due to lack of understanding
of structure/function relationship.
> Some mutations far away from the active site can affect significantly
enzyme property and activity.