08-17-2017, 12:28 AM
web technologies book by aa puntambekar pdf free download
Web Technology Background
This section provides information about web technologies that relate to the interface between web servers and their clients. This information includes markup languages, programming interfaces and languages, and standards for document identification and display.
Introduction
There are many Web technologies, from simple to complex, and explaining each in detail is beyond the scope of this article. However, to help you get started with developing your own Web sites, beyond simple WYSIWYG designing of Web pages in FrontPage, this article provides brief definitions of the major Web technologies along with links to sites where you can find more information, tutorials, and reference documentation.
Important The links included in this article are only a representative set of resources that are available on the Internet. Where appropriate, this article cites Microsoft resources, but you can also find many links to non-Microsoft resources. You can locate additional resources by performing your own Web searches.
Markup Languages
Markup is used to in text and word processing documents to describe how a document should look when displayed or printed. The Internet uses markup to define how Web pages should look when displayed in a browser or to define the data contained within a Web document.
There are many different types of markup languages. For example, Rich Text Formatting (RTF) is a markup language that word processors use. This section describes the most common markup languages that are used on the Internet.
HTML
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML is the primary markup language that is used for Web pages. HTML tells the browser what to display on a page. For example, it specifies text, images, and other objects and can also specify the appearance of text, such as bold or italic text.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) defines the specification for HTML. The current versions of HTML are HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.1.
Note DHTML stands for Dynamic HTML. DHTML combines cascading style sheets (CSS) and scripting to create animated Web pages and page elements that respond to user interaction.
For more information on HTML, see the following resources.
HTML for Beginners
HTML Basics on HTML Goodies
HTML Reference on Blooberry
Rex Swain's HTML Sampler
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) Home Page
CSS
CSS stands for cascading style sheets. Cascading style sheets provide the ability to change the appearance of text (such as fonts, colors, spacing) on Web pages. Using CSS, you can also position elements on the page, make certain elements hidden, or change the appearance of the browser, such as changing the color of scroll bars in Microsoft Internet Explorer.
Cascading style sheets can be used similar to FrontPage Themes. For example, you can apply a cascading style sheet across all the pages in a Web site to give the site a uniform look and feel. Then all you need to do is to change the CSS style formatting in a single file to change the look and feel of an entire Web site.
For more information on CSS, see the following resources.
Using Cascading Style Sheets on Your Web Site
CSS Attributes
Effective Use of Style Sheets
CSS Reference on Blooberry
CSS on BasicTips.com
CSS Frequently Asked Questions
Cascading Style Sheets Home Page
CSS Zen Garden
XML
XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. Similar to HTML, XML is a markup language designed for the Internet. However, unlike HTML, which was designed to define formatting of Web pages, XML was designed to describe data. You can use XML to develop custom markup languages.
As with HTML, the W3C defines the specifications for XML. See Extensible Markup Language on the W3C Web site.
For more information on XML, see the following resources.
A Guide to XML and Its Technologies
XML Developer Center
XML for Absolute Beginner - A Short Tutorial
XML in 10 points
XSLT
XSLT is an abbreviation for XSL Transformations. XSLT uses the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL), which you use to define the appearance of an XML document or change an XML document into another kind of document XML, HTML, or another markup language format.
As with other Web markup languages, the W3C defines the specifications for XSL and XSLT.
For more information on XSLT, see the following resources.
What is XSLT? on Webopedia
What is XSLT? on XML.com
Your First XSLT Page
XSLT Elements Reference
Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) on Cover Pages
Programming Languages and Technologies
Programming languages enable you to create custom applications and add functionality that is not already part of an application. On the Internet, programming languages enable you to create visual animation, respond to user actions, validate forms, interact with databases, and provide e-commerce solutions.
Programming languages come in two flavors: interpreted and compiled. Most scripting languages are interpreted, which means that you write the code and the browser or server understands what to do with it. Compiled languages require an added step that translates the code into machine language code, which is then stored in a separate file with either a .dll or .exe file name extension.
Compiled languages are generally used for server-side processing for Web applications, such as form processing, that require interaction with databases or other server processes. With some exceptions, interpreted languages are generally used for client-side processing, such as image mouse overs and client-side form validation. ActiveX controls that are embedded into HTML pages are an exception.
Programming technologies generally use one or more programming language to create end-to-end solutions for Web applications. Technologies usually have server dependencies, so before choosing which technology to use for your Web sites, you should determine which services your host Web server provides.
Because the needs of an organization or an individual may differ, no one language or technology is right for every Web project. Each language and technology has advantages and disadvantages. This section briefly describes the most common languages used on the Internet with links to places where you can get more information or training.
JavaScript (JScript/ECMAScript)
JavaScript is an interpreted scripting language commonly used on the Internet for creating Web pages that respond to user actions, such as when a user moves a mouse pointer over an image or clicks a form button. Combined with HTML and CSS, JavaScript allows you to create Dynamic HTML pages.
JavaScript is generally used for client-side scripting; as a result, users can easily view JavaScript code along with the HTML code in a page. Although it may be used for server-side scripting, JavaScript works best for visual animation (such as changing an image when a user moves the mouse pointer over it) or for validating form fields.
Various browsers may implement the JavaScript scripting objects differently, but most popular browsers support JavaScript.
The biggest disadvantage of JavaScript is that users can turn it off in the browser, which makes pages that use it not function as expected.
Netscape developed the JavaScript programming language. JScript is the Microsoft implementation of ECMAScript, as defined by the specification of Ecma International. Both JavaScript and JScript are ECMAScript-compliant languages.