Posts: 49
Threads: 19
Joined: Apr 2009
Reputation:
0
[attachment=1139]
1.1 Introduction:
The starting point of nanotechnology to achieve the main goal of building nanoscale systems is the development of autonomous molecular machine systems. The presented paper describes the design and simulation of autonomous multi-robot teams operating at atomic scales with distinct assembly tasks. Teams must cooperate with each other in order to achieve a productive result in assembling biomolecules into larger biomolecules. These biomolecules will be delivered to ?organs? (into a set of predefined organ inlets), and such deliveries must also be coordinated in time.
1.2 Nanomedicine:
Nanomedicine may be defined as the monitoring, repair, construction and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures.
Basic nanostructured materials, engineered enzymes, and the many products of biotechnology will be enormously useful in near-term medical applications. However, the full promise of nanomedicine is unlikely to arrive until after the development of precisely controlled or programmable medical nanomachines and nanorobots.
Once nanomachines are available, the ultimate dream of every healer, medicine man, and physician throughout recorded history will, at last, become a reality. Programmable and controllable micro scale robots comprised of nanoscale parts fabricated to nanometer precision will allow medical doctors to execute curative and reconstructive procedures in the human body at the cellular and molecular levels. Nanomedical physicians of the early 21st century will still make good use of the body's natural healing powers and homeostatic mechanisms, because, all else equal, those interventions are best that intervene least. But the ability to direct events in a controlled fashion at the cellular level is the key that will unlock the indefinite extension of human health and the expansion of human abilities.
PROPOSED DESIGN
A multi-robot molecular machine system could be described as a system to perform molecular manufacturing at the atomic scale, whose constituent entities are capable of cooperating collectively.
2.1 Virtual Environment:
Virtual reality (VR) is a technology, which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment, be it a real, or imagined one. Most current virtual reality environment are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. Some advanced, haptic systems now include tactile information, generally known as force feedback, in medical and gaming applications. Users can interact with a virtual environment or a virtual artifact (VA) either through the use of standard input devices such as a keyboard and mouse, or through multimodal devices such as a wired glove, the Polhemus boom arm, and omni directional treadmill.
The simulated environment can be similar to the real world, for example, simulations for pilot or combat training, or it can differ significantly from reality, as in VR games.
In practice, it is currently very difficult to create a high-fidelity virtual reality experience, due largely to technical limitations on processing power, image resolution and communication bandwidth. However, those limitations are expected to eventually be overcome as processor, imaging and data communication technologies become more powerful and cost-effective over time.
Virtual Reality was used for the nanorobot design where the use of macro- and micro robotic concepts is considered a practical approach once the theoretical and practical assumptions here have focused on its domain of application. The design should be robust enough to operate in a complex environment with movement in six-degrees-of-freedom. Nanoscale object manipulation systems have been applied with the use of computer graphics for teleportation
The robot design adopted concepts provided from underwater robotics keeping in mind however the kinetics assumptions that the nanorobot lives in a world of viscosity, where friction, adhesion, and viscous forces are paramount and gravitational forces are of little or no importance
Presented by
Adriano Cavalcanti,
Darmstadt University of Technology,Computer Science Department
Darmstadt,Germany
Robert A. Freitas Jr.,
Zyvex Corporation,
Richardson,USA
Posts: 42
Threads: 19
Joined: Jul 2009
Reputation:
0
[attachment=15073]
NANO TECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
ROBOTICS
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots. Robotics is related to the sciences of, enginnering, electronics, mechanics and software
What is Nanorobotics?
Programmable assembly of nm-scale components either by manipulation with macro or micro devices, or by directed self-assembly.
Design and fabrication of robots with overall dimensions at or below the mm range and made of nm-scale components.
Programming and coordination of large numbers (swarms) of such nanorobots.
Known as nanorobot pioneer, adriano Cavalcanti is the medical nanorobotics inventor for the pratical hardware architecture of nanorobots, which was integrated as a model based on nanobioelectronics for applications in environmental monitoring, brain aneurysm, diabetes, cancer and cardiology. His advanced prototype provided a suitable integrated circuit approach, using an effective wireless platform
NANOBOT ISSUES
Sensors
Computers and Control
Actuators and Propulsion
Power
Communications
Interfaces and Integration
nano/micro/macro
organic/inorganic
biotic/abiotic
Programming and Coordination
Nanorobots raise all the issues that are important for NEMS
CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN
Designs derived from biological models
Components: onboard sensors, motors, manipulators , power suppliers,molecular components
Best known biological sample is ribosome used to constuct robotic arm
Manipulator arm driven by detailed sequenc e of controlsignals
Control signals received by robotic arm via on board sensors using broadcast architecture
Assemblers are molecular machine system perform molecular manufacturing on atomic scale
APPLICATIONS IN MEDICAL FIELD
Breaking up blood clots
Fighting cancer
Parasite removal
Gout
Breaking up of kidney stones
Arterioscleriosis
Nanorobots might carry small ultrasonic signal generators to deliver frequencies directly to kidney stones
Nanorobots may treat conditions like arteriosclerosis by physically chipping away the plaque along artery walls
Microorganism Detection
Nanowire Detection of Algae in a Microchannel
NANO SENSORS
Provides realtime information about antibodies to antigens, cell receptors to their glands etc..
Used for drug detection
To detect chemical vapours at low concentation based on surface stress.
IN SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Nanorobots can be used to actively repair damaged suit materials while an astronaut is in the field
specialized Marssuit Repair Nanorobots (MRN). MRN nanorobots operate as space-fillingpolyhedra to repair damage to a Marssuit
Measurement of toxic elements in environment
NANOBOTS CAN MINE GARBAGE DUMPS
Nanobots are going to make it easier and cheaper to pull out, clean up and create useful commodities for us to reuse. And once you understand the vast potential for Nanotechnology, you are going to understand that our future is going to be so bright.. it is going to be so .freakin' brilliant!
With 15,342 atoms, this parallel-shaft speed reducer gear is one of the largest nanomechanical devices ever modeled in atomic detail
ADVANTAGES
The microscopic size of nanomachines translates into high operational speed
individual units require only a tiny amount of energy to operate
Durability is another potential asset
nanites might last for centuries before breaking down
DISADVANTAGES
risk of cancer
may affect human health by introducing toxicity in blood
Replication may become out of control
Posts: 54
Threads: 20
Joined: Aug 2009
Reputation:
0
Definition
Nanorobotics is an emerging field that deals with the controlled manipulation of objects with nanometer-scale dimensions. Typically, an atom has a diameter of a few ?ngstroms (1 ? = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m), a molecule's size is a few nm, and clusters or nanoparticles formed by hundreds or thousands of atoms have sizes of tens of nm. Therefore, Nanorobotics is concerned with interactions with atomic- and molecular-sized objects-and is sometimes called Molecular Robotics.
Molecular Robotics falls within the purview of Nanotechnology, which is the study of phenomena and structures with characteristic dimensions in the nanometer range. The birth of Nanotechnology is usually associated with a talk by Nobel-prize winner Richard Feynman entitled "There is plenty of room at the bottom", whose text may be found in [Crandall & Lewis 1992]. Nanotechnology has the potential for major scientific and practical breakthroughs.
Future applications ranging from very fast computers to self-replicating robots are described in Drexler's seminal book [Drexler 1986]. In a less futuristic vein, the following potential applications were suggested by well-known experimental scientists at the Nano4 conference held in Palo Alto in November 1995:
" Cell probes with dimensions 1/1000 of the cell's size
" Space applications, e.g. hardware to fly on satellites
" Computer memory
" Near field optics, with characteristic dimensions 20 nm
" X-ray fabrication, systems that use X-ray photons
" Genome applications, reading and manipulating DNA
" Nanodevices capable of running on very small batteries
" Optical antennas
Nanotechnology is being pursued along two converging directions. From the top down, semiconductor fabrication techniques are producing smaller and smaller structures-see e.g. [Colton & Marrian 1995] for recent work. For example, the line width of the original Pentium chip is 350 nm. Current optical lithography techniques have obvious resolution limitations because of the wavelength of visible light, which is in the order of 500 nm. X-ray and electron-beam lithography will push sizes further down, but with a great increase in complexity and cost of fabrication. These top-down techniques do not seem promising for building nanomachines that require precise positioning of atoms or molecules.
Alternatively, one can proceed from the bottom up, by assembling atoms and molecules into functional components and systems. There are two main approaches for building useful devices from nanoscale components. The first is based on self-assembly, and is a natural evolution of traditional chemistry and bulk processing-see e.g. [G?mez-L?pez et al. 1996]. The other is based on controlled positioning of nanoscale objects, direct application of forces, electric fields, and so on. The self-assembly approach is being pursued at many laboratories. Despite all the current activity, self-assembly has severe limitations because the structures produced tend to be highly symmetric, and the most versatile self-assembled systems are organic and therefore generally lack robustness. The second approach involves Nanomanipulation, and is being studied by a small number of researchers, who are focusing on techniques based on Scanning Probe Microscopy.
Posts: 45
Threads: 19
Joined: Aug 2009
Reputation:
0
Nanorobotics
Nanorobotics is an emerging field that deals with the controlled manipulation of objects with nanometer-scale dimensions. Typically, an atom has a diameter of a few ngstroms (1 = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m), a molecule's size is a few nm, and clusters or nanoparticles formed by hundreds or thousands of atoms have sizes of tens of nm. Therefore, Nanorobotics is concerned with interactions with atomic- and molecular-sized objects-and is sometimes called Molecular Robotics.
Molecular Robotics falls within the purview of Nanotechnology, which is the study of phenomena and structures with characteristic dimensions in the nanometer range. The birth of Nanotechnology is usually associated with a talk by Nobel-prize winner Richard Feynman entitled "There is plenty of room at the bottom", whose text may be found in [Crandall & Lewis 1992]. Nanotechnology has the potential for major scientific and practical breakthroughs. Future applications ranging from very fast computers to self-replicating robots are described in Drexler's seminal book [Drexler 1986]. In a less futuristic vein, the following potential applications were suggested by well-known experimental scientists at the Nano4 conference held in Palo Alto in November 1995:
" Cell probes with dimensions 1/1000 of the cell's size
" Space applications, e.g. hardware to fly on satellites
" Computer memory
" Near field optics, with characteristic dimensions 20 nm
" X-ray fabrication, systems that use X-ray photons
" Genome applications, reading and manipulating DNA
" Nanodevices capable of running on very small batteries
" Optical antennas
Posts: 52
Threads: 20
Joined: Mar 2009
Reputation:
0
Posts: 54
Threads: 30
Joined: Jul 2009
Reputation:
0
Posts: 42
Threads: 20
Joined: Jul 2009
Reputation:
0
Posts: 45
Threads: 14
Joined: Jul 2009
Reputation:
0
Posts: 71
Threads: 37
Joined: Oct 2009
Reputation:
0
Posts: 56
Threads: 22
Joined: Jun 2009
Reputation:
0
|
