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STUDY OF ANTI-PYRETIC ACTIVITY
#1

PRESENTED BY:
P.Deepak
K. Akshita
Syed Saber

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Introduction:
Clinical pharmacy is the branch of Pharmacy where pharmacists and pharmaconomists provide patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists and clinical pharmaconomists care for patients in all health care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. They often collaborate with physicians and others
Anti pyretic:
Antipyretics (literally "against the fire") are drugs that reduce fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override an interleukin-induced increase in temperature. The body will then work to lower the temperature and the result is a reduction in fever.
Objective:
Maximising the clinical effect of medicines, i.e., using the most effective treatment for each type of patient.
Minimising the expenditures for pharmacological treatments born by the national health systems and by the patients, i.e., trying to provide the best alternative for the greatest number of patients.
The clinical pharmacist monitors, detects and prevents harmful drug interaction, adverse reactions and medication errors through evaluation of prescriptions profiles.
Methodology:
Before the prescription:

Clinical pharmacists have the potential to implement and influence drug-related policies, i.e., making decisions on which drugs deserve to be marketed, which drugs should be included in national and local formularies, which prescribing policies and treatment guidelines should be implemented.
During the prescription:
Clinical pharmacists can influence the attitudes and priorities of prescribers in their choice of correct treatments.
After the prescription:
After the prescription is written, clinical pharmacists play a key role in communicating and counselling patients.
FEVER:
Fever (pyrexia or controlled hyperthermia) is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation of temperature above the normal range of 36.5 37.5 C(98 100 F). A fever is one of the body's immune responses that attempt to neutralize a bacterial or viral infection.
Temperature Classification
Core (rectal, esophageal, etc.)Hypothermia<35.0 C (95.0 F)
Normal36.5 37.5 C (98 100 F) Fever>37.5 38.3 C (100 101 F)
Hyperthermia>38.4 39.9 C (101 104 F)
Hyperpyrexia>40.0 41.5 C (104 107 F) Note: The difference between fever and hyperthermia is the mechanism. Fever is generally agreed to be present if the elevated temperature is caused by a raised set point and:
Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal) is at or over 37.5 38.3 C (100 101 F)
Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over 37.7 C (99.9 F)
Temperature under the arm (axillary) or in the ear (otic) is at or over 37.2 C (99.0 F)
In healthy adult men and women,
the range of normal, healthy temperatures for oral temperature is 33.2 38.2 C (92 101 F), for rectal it is 34.4 37.8 C (94 100 F),
for tympanic membrane it is 35.4 37.8 C (96 100 F), and for axillary it is 35.5 37.0 C (96 99 F).
Types:
Bacterial Fevers
Viral Infections:
Parasitic Fevers:
Typhoid: A distinct and archetypal course of temperature with distinguishable abdominal symptoms consisting of ulceration of bowel movements. Bears a tricky characteristic of remaining uncertain for its durability and also accountable for its recurrent relapses.
Rheumatic Fever: A very serious chronic sickness primarily affecting the children and adolescents. This fever of inflammatory rheumatism is conceived as an allergic condition, terribly affecting the joints, heart and nervous system.
Influenza: Affects the upper respiratory tract, the nose and throat with potential spreading and participation of lungs.
Measles: An acute febrile eruption, a rather uncommon type. Starts with a status of minor feverishness, coldness in the head, watering of the eyes and dry cough. Highly infectious and most common among children.
Meningitis: usually comes after an attack of otitis media (middle ear disease, most common in children), or mastoditis (infection of the bone projecting behind the ear) or brain abscesses or even tonsillitis.
Malaria: Large prone to high fever accompanied my chills and severeness; profused sweating, headache and body aches. The fever can at times also lead to anemia or jaundice.
Prevention:-
FILIARIA: Cause and Pathogenesis:- Symptoms and Signs:- Diagnosis :- Treatment and Prognosis :- How to control & prevent filariasis? Mechanism of Action :- Dosage:
The number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are taking albendazole.
Adverse Effects:-
COMMON: headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
RARE: Fever; skin rash or itching, sore throat, thining or loss of hair, unusual tiredness and weakness
SERIOUS:
Acute renal failure (rare), granulocytopenia, pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia (rare), hepatotoxicity (with elevated liver enzymes), leucopenia.
Contraindications and Warnings:-
Albendazole is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the benzimidazole class of compounds.
Pregnancy:-
Albendazole has been shown to be teratogenic in animals, however it has not been well studied in pregnant women. Pregnant women should not use albendazole except in clinical circumstances where no alternative management is appropriate. Patients should not become pregnant for at least 1 month following cessation of albendazole therapy.
Typhoid:
Signs and Symptoms
DRUGS CLASSIFICATION
All first-line anti-tuberculous drug names have a standard three-letter and a single-letter abbreviation:
Ethambutol is EMB or E,
isoniazid is INH or H,
pyrazinamide is PZA or Z,
rifampicin is RMP or R,
streptomycin is STM or S
Second line:
aminoglycosides: e.g., amikacin (AMK), kanamycin (KM);
polypeptides: e.g., capreomycin, viomycin, enviomycin;
Fluoroquinolones: e.g., ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin, moxifloxacin (MXF);
thioamides: e.g. ethionamide, prothionamide
cycloserine (the only antibiotic in its class);
p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS or P).
Third line
Other drugs that may be useful, but are not on the WHO list of SLDs:
rifabutin
macrolides: e.g., clarithromycin (CLR);
linezolid (LZD);
thioacetazone (T);
thioridazine;
arginine;
vitamin D;
R207910.
Treatment:-
There are no medications used to treat hepatitis A because it's a short-term infection that goes away on its own.
Hepatitis B and C can sometimes be treated using medications.
Hepatitis can be divided into two subgroups:
1. Acute hepatitis caused due to the result of inflammation that causes damaging to the liver's normal function and lasting less than six months. People having a weakened immune system and weaken liver, making them more susceptible to be infected by hepatitis. Ex: hepatitis A/B/C/D/E.
2. Chronic hepatitis means active, ongoing inflammation of the liver persisting for more than six months. In most people, it is quite mild and does not cause significant liver damage. It may be caused by hepatitis B and C viruses, drugs and excessive alcohol drinking
Symptoms:-
Jaundices caused by the excession of a chemical called bilirubin accumulated in the body's tissues. When the liver is damaged by hepatitis virus, it's unable to do its normal job and this chemical accumulates in the blood and starts to leak
out into body tissue resulting in a yellow color in the skin, and especially around the whites of the eyes.
Loss of appetite (anorexia) is often the first symptom of acute hepatitis.
Pain in the muscles and joints can last from days to weeks and are very common in acute hepatitis infection.
Insomnia is caused by liver inflammation of hepatitis virus C leading to trouble of sleeping, and waking up often during the night. Sometimes have pruritus, itching to the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet.
May also cause inflammation of lymph node in the armpits, groin and neck
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