10-06-2017, 07:14 AM
pdf synopsis on working capital management
A managerial accounting strategy focusing on maintaining efficient levels of both components of working capital, current assets and current liabilities, in respect to each other. Working capital management ensures a company has sufficient cash flow in order to meet its short-term debt obligations and operating expenses.
CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL
There are two concepts of working capital:
1. Gross working capital
2. Net working capital
The gross working capital is the capital invested in the total current assets of the enterprises current assets are those
Assets which can convert in to cash within a short period normally one accounting year.
CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT ASSETS
1) Cash in hand and cash at bank
2) Bills receivables
3) Sundry debtors
4) Short term loans and advances.
5) Inventories of stock as:
a. Raw material
b. Work in process
c. Stores and spares
d. Finished goods
6. Temporary investment of surplus funds.
7. Prepaid expenses
8. Accrued incomes.
9. Marketable securities.
In a narrow sense, the term working capital refers to the net working. Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liability, or, say:
NET WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES.
Net working capital can be positive or negative. When the current assets exceeds the current liabilities are more than the current assets. Current liabilities are those liabilities, which are intended to be paid in the ordinary course of business within a short period of normally one accounting year out of the current assts or the income business.
CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT LIABILITIES
1. Accrued or outstanding expenses.
2. Short term loans, advances and deposits.
3. Dividends payable.
4. Bank overdraft.
5. Provision for taxation , if it does not amt. to app. Of profit.
6. Bills payable.
7. Sundry creditors.
The gross working capital concept is financial or going concern concept whereas net working capital is an accounting concept of working capital. Both the concepts have their own merits.
The gross concept is sometimes preferred to the concept of working capital for the following reasons:
1. It enables the enterprise to provide correct amount of working capital at correct time.
2. Every management is more interested in total current assets with which it has to operate then the source from where it is made available.
3. It take into consideration of the fact every increase in the funds of the enterprise would increase its working capital.
4. This concept is also useful in determining the rate of return on investments in working capital. The net working capital concept, however, is also important for following reasons:
It is qualitative concept, which indicates the firm s ability to meet to its operating expenses and short-term liabilities.
IT indicates the margin of protection available to the short term creditors.
It is an indicator of the financial soundness of enterprises.
It suggests the need of financing a part of working capital requirement out of the permanent sources of funds.
CLASSIFICATION OF WORKING CAPITAL
Working capital may be classified in to ways:
o On the basis of concept.
o On the basis of time.
On the basis of concept working capital can be classified as gross working capital and net working capital. On the basis of time, working capital may be classified as:
Permanent or fixed working capital.
Temporary or variable working capital
PERMANENT OR FIXED WORKING CAPITAL
Permanent or fixed working capital is minimum amount which is required to ensure effective utilization of fixed facilities and for maintaining the circulation of current assets. Every firm has to maintain a minimum level of raw material, work- in-process, finished goods and cash balance. This minimum level of current assts is called permanent or fixed working capital as this part of working is permanently blocked in current assets. As the business grow the requirements of working capital also increases due to increase in current assets.
TEMPORARY OR VARIABLE WORKING CAPITAL
Temporary or variable working capital is the amount of working capital which is required to meet the seasonal demands and some special exigencies. Variable working capital can further be classified as seasonal working capital and special working capital. The capital required to meet the seasonal need of the enterprise is called seasonal working capital. Special working capital is that part of working capital which is required to meet special exigencies such as launching of extensive marketing for conducting research, etc.
Temporary working capital differs from permanent working capital in the sense that is required for short periods and cannot be permanently employed gainfully in the business.
IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGE OF ADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL
SOLVENCY OF THE BUSINESS: Adequate working capital helps in maintaining the solvency of the business by providing uninterrupted of production.
Goodwill: Sufficient amount of working capital enables a firm to make prompt payments and makes and maintain the goodwill.
Easy loans: Adequate working capital leads to high solvency and credit standing can arrange loans from banks and other on easy and favorable terms.
Cash Discounts: Adequate working capital also enables a concern to avail cash discounts on the purchases and hence reduces cost.
Regular Supply of Raw Material: Sufficient working capital ensures regular supply of raw material and continuous production.
Regular Payment Of Salaries, Wages And Other Day TO Day Commitments: It leads to the satisfaction of the employees and raises the morale of its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces wastage and costs and enhances production and profits.
Exploitation Of Favorable Market Conditions: If a firm is having adequate working capital then it can exploit the favorable market conditions such as purchasing its requirements in bulk when the prices are lower and holdings its inventories for higher prices.
Ability To Face Crises: A concern can face the situation during the depression.
Quick And Regular Return On Investments: Sufficient working capital enables a concern to pay quick and regular of dividends to its investors and gains confidence of the investors and can raise more funds in future.
High Morale: Adequate working capital brings an environment of securities, confidence, high morale which results in overall efficiency in a business.
EXCESS OR INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL
Every business concern should have adequate amount of working capital to run its business operations. It should have neither redundant or excess working capital nor inadequate nor shortages of working capital. Both excess as well as short working capital positions are bad for any business. However, it is the inadequate working capital which is more dangerous from the point of view of the firm.
DISADVANTAGES OF REDUNDANT OR EXCESSIVE WORKING CAPITAL
1. Excessive working capital means ideal funds which earn no profit for the firm and business cannot earn the required rate of return on its investments.
2. Redundant working capital leads to unnecessary purchasing and accumulation of inventories.
3. Excessive working capital implies excessive debtors and defective credit policy which causes higher incidence of bad debts.
4. It may reduce the overall efficiency of the business.
5. If a firm is having excessive working capital then the relations with banks and other financial institution may not be maintained.
6. Due to lower rate of return n investments, the values of shares may also fall.
7. The redundant working capital gives rise to speculative transactions
DISADVANTAGES OF INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL
Every business needs some amounts of working capital. The need for working capital arises due to the time gap between production and realization of cash from sales. There is an operating cycle involved in sales and realization of cash. There are time gaps in purchase of raw material and production; production and sales; and realization of cash.
Thus working capital is needed for the following purposes:
For the purpose of raw material, components and spares.
To pay wages and salaries
To incur day-to-day expenses and overload costs such as office expenses.
To meet the selling costs as packing, advertising, etc.
To provide credit facilities to the customer.
To maintain the inventories of the raw material, work-in-progress, stores and spares and finished stock.
For studying the need of working capital in a business, one has to study the business under varying circumstances such as a new concern requires a lot of funds to meet its initial requirements such as promotion and formation etc. These expenses are called preliminary expenses and are capitalized. The amount needed for working capital depends upon the size of the company and ambitions of its promoters. Greater the size of the business unit, generally larger will be the requirements of the working capital.
The requirement of the working capital goes on increasing with the growth and expensing of the business till it gains maturity. At maturity the amount of working capital required is called normal working capital.
There are others factors also influence the need of working capital in a business.
FACTORS DETERMINING THE WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
1. NATURE OF BUSINESS: The requirements of working is very limited in public utility undertakings such as electricity, water supply and railways because they offer cash sale only and supply services not products, and no funds are tied up in inventories and receivables. On the other hand the trading and financial firms requires less investment in fixed assets but have to invest large amt. of working capital along with fixed investments.
2. SIZE OF THE BUSINESS: Greater the size of the business, greater is the requirement of working capital.
3. PRODUCTION POLICY: If the policy is to keep production steady by accumulating inventories it will require higher working capital.
4. LENTH OF PRDUCTION CYCLE: The longer the manufacturing time the raw material and other supplies have to be carried for a longer in the process with progressive increment of labor and service costs before the final product is obtained. So working capital is directly proportional to the length of the manufacturing process.
5. SEASONALS VARIATIONS: Generally, during the busy season, a firm requires larger working capital than in slack season.
6. WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE: The speed with which the working cycle completes one cycle determines the requirements of working capital. Longer the cycle larger is the requirement of working capital.
DEBTORS
CASH FINISHED GOODS
RAW MATERIAL WORK IN PROGRESS
7. RATE OF STOCK TURNOVER: There is an inverse co-relationship between the question of working capital and the velocity or speed with which the sales are affected. A firm having a high rate of stock turnover wuill needs lower amt. of working capital as compared to a firm having a low rate of turnover.
8. CREDIT POLICY: A concern that purchases its requirements on credit and sales its product / services on cash requires lesser amt. of working capital and vice-versa.
9. BUSINESS CYCLE: In period of boom, when the business is prosperous, there is need for larger amt. of working capital due to rise in sales, rise in prices, optimistic expansion of business, etc. On the contrary in time of depression, the business contracts, sales decline, difficulties are faced in collection from debtor and the firm may have a large amt. of working capital.
10. RATE OF GROWTH OF BUSINESS: In faster growing concern, we shall require large amt. of working capital.
11. EARNING CAPACITY AND DIVIDEND POLICY: Some firms have more earning capacity than other due to quality of their products, monopoly conditions, etc. Such firms may generate cash profits from operations and contribute to their working capital. The dividend policy also affects the requirement of working capital. A firm maintaining a steady high rate of cash dividend irrespective of its profits needs working capital than the firm that retains larger part of its profits and does not pay so high rate of cash dividend.
12. PRICE LEVEL CHANGES: Changes in the price level also affect the working capital requirements. Generally rise in prices leads to increase in working capital.
Others FACTORS: These are:
Operating efficiency.
Management ability.
Irregularities of supply.
Import policy.
Asset structure.
Importance of labor.
Banking facilities, etc.
MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL
Management of working capital is concerned with the problem that arises in attempting to manage the current assets, current liabilities. The basic goal of working capital management is to manage the current assets and current liabilities of a firm in such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is maintained, i.e. it is neither adequate nor excessive as both the situations are bad for any firm. There should be no shortage of funds and also no working capital should be ideal. WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT POLICES of a firm has a great on its probability, liquidity and structural health of the organization. So working capital management is three dimensional in nature as
1. It concerned with the formulation of policies with regard to profitability, liquidity and risk.
2. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current assets.
3. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current liabilities.
WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS
As we know working capital is the life blood and the centre of a business. Adequate amount of working capital is very much essential for the smooth running of the business. And the most important part is the efficient management of working capital in right time. The liquidity position of the firm is totally effected by the management of working capital. So, a study of changes in the uses and sources of working capital is necessary to evaluate the efficiency with which the working capital is employed in a business. This involves the need of working capital analysis.
The analysis of working capital can be conducted through a number of devices, such as:
1. Ratio analysis.
2. Fund flow analysis.
3. Budgeting.
It is often said, you can lose money for some time, but you can only run out of cash once. The impact of ineffective working capital management can be complex and just as debilitating for a business. Companies with effective cash flow management practices not only generate more cash from their businesses, they have more flexibility to take advantage of opportunities as they arise and are less dependent on external financing.
The performance gap between the top 25% and the bottom 75% is significant: under performing companies could free $776 billion or an average of $0.78 billion per company by matching the top performers in their respective industries. While it is relatively easy to obtain short-term reductions in working capital by slowing down payments, speeding up collections, or starving inventory, long-term results require a sustained effort and continuous process improvement approach. REL's annual Working Capital Survey demonstrates that, all too often, companies ignore working capital management or create short-term and artificial fixes.
To be successful with a working capital management program, you need cross-functional alignment of many managers, who will often see the cash flow management objective as secondary or in conflict with other measures or targets they must achieve. It cannot be implemented as a separate exercise from top line and bottom line performance optimization.
In the real world, there are substantial tradeoffs between cash flow management, customer service, cost and risk. In order to optimize the overall working capital management performance of the organization, we need to recognize and understand these tradeoffs and implement continuous process improvement strategies that take them into account. This requires a holistic approach across the functional boundaries of the organization, and ideally takes into account both supplier and customer value drivers.