Polarization (also polarisation) is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation. Electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit polarization, as do some other types of wave, such as gravitational waves. Sound waves in a gas or liquid do not exhibit polarization, since the oscillation is always in the direction the wave travels.

In an electromagnetic wave, both the electric field and magnetic field are oscillating but in different directions; by convention the polarization of light refers to the polarization of the elec ....etc

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Transistor as a Switch

When used as an AC signal amplifier, the transistors Base biasing voltage is applied in such a way that it always operates within its active region, that is the linear part of the output characteristics curves are used.
However, both the NPN & PNP type bipolar transistors can be made to operate as ON/OFF type solid state switch by biasing the transistors Base terminal differently to that for a signal amplifier.

Solid state switches are one of the main applications for the use of transistor to switch a DC output ....etc

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physics investigatory project on logic gates for class 12 pdf download

Boolean functions may be practically implemented by using electronic gates. The following points are important to understand.

Electronic gates require a power supply.
Gate INPUTS are driven by voltages having two nominal values, e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively.
The OUTPUT of a gate provides two nominal values of voltage only, e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively. In general, there is only one output to a logic gate excep ....etc

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to get more information polarisation of light

Polarizers are designed to reduce specular glare by passing only the light polarized in the direction perpendicular to the reflected light (glare). In addition, they help improve contrast, increase color saturation and detect imperfections in transparent materials. MidOpt Polarizing Filters can be easily and securely mounted to your lens and light source for maximum extinction or glare reduction.

Polarizing Filters

Contrast ratio of up to 6500:1
Linear, circular and wire grid polar ....etc

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CBSE class 12 physics investigatory Projects tangent galvanometer
CBSE reintroduced investigative projects in physics is AISSCE WEF 2013 applicable to students who are in class XI during the academic year 2011-12 and 2013 Board Exam writing.

Work is now only for demonstration purposes. The student must perform a minimum of 15 experiments per year.

For the exam, he or she must perform two experiments; one of the section a and section B one.

The proposed investigative PROJECTS CLASS XII

1 the various factors on which you can examine the inter ....etc

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