circuit diagram of over under voltage protectn of electrical applicatins using lm324 ....etc

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This circuit protects refrigerators as well as other electrical appliances from over and under voltage. By the name itself we can say that if the input voltage is more or less than the required voltage then the electrical appliance is turned off nothing but it gets disconnected from its respective power supply.
This circuit uses an operational amplifier IC LM324 which is used as a comparator. Generally, the IC LM324 consists of four operational amplifiers, of which only two operational amplifiers are used. In this IC, we ha ....etc

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Here is an inexpensive auto cut-off circuit, which is fabricated using transistor and other discrete components. It can be used to protect loads such as refrigerator, T.V., and VCR from undesirable over and under line voltages, as well as surges caused due to sudden failure/resumption of main power supply. This circuit can be used directly as a standalone circuit between the mains supply and the load, or it may be inserted between an existing automatic/manual stabilizer and the load.
The over/unde ....etc

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Introduction on over/under voltage protection of electrical appliances ....etc

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Abstract

This paper illustrates modeling and simulation of overvoltage and undervoltage protection scheme. The method is based upon the operation of relay under overvoltage and undervoltage faults. The term power quality is used to describe as the quality of power that is given as input to various electrical load and ability of load to function properly. Without proper power the devices may misoperate or fail. There are many ways in which electric power can be poor quality and many more causes for such poor quality. Among the various power qua ....etc

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ABSTRACT:
This circuit protects refrigerators as well as other electrical appliances from over and under voltage. By the name itself we can say that if the input voltage is more or less than the required voltage then the electrical appliance is turned off nothing but it gets disconnected from its respective power supply.
This circuit uses an operational amplifier IC LM324 which is used as a comparator. Generally, the IC LM324 consists of four operational amplifiers, of which only two operational amplifi ....etc

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REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
1.1 Types of Power Supply
There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.
For example a 5V regulated supply:
Figure 1.1 block diagram of a regulated power supply
Each of the blocks is described in more detail:
Transformer- steps down high voltage AC mains ....etc

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http://seminarsprojects.net/Thread-over-under-line-voltage-protection-for-electrical-appliances

http://seminarsprojects.net/Thread-over-under-voltage-cut-off-with-on-time-delay-project-report?pid=16282&mode=threaded

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