Most brickwork is built without reinforcement. Historically, mortar was of low strength, and the bonding of the masonry units provided strength to the panel. Thick walls had to be bonded through the thickness as well as along the length of the wall, and old construction textbooks show in detail the ways of bonding headers with stretchers in alternate courses to avoid any continuous vertical joints.Bonds Nevertheless, the bending strength of a panel of brickwork is limited because the bricks themselves are much weaker in tension than in compress ....etc

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Corrosion of reinforcements has been one of the major challenges that the civil engineers have been facing. Corrosion leads to the formation of rust which results in the spalling of concrete which in turn leads to the exposure of rebars to the aggressive environment. This will accelerate the ill effects and ultimately leads to the break down of the structure. Corrosion mainly occurs in areas of aggressive environment such as coastal regions. It is very important that corrosion of reinforcement must be prevented in order to have a durable struct ....etc

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Composite Rods as a Steel Substitute in Concrete Reinforcement



Introduction
The concrete construction industry is dealing with a very significant challenge regarding the
deterioration of structures. Nowadays a large number of bridges, buildings and other structural
elements require rehabilitation and repair and its maintenance have become an increasingly serious
problem. Once subjected to repeated loading and to aggressive environmental agents, concrete
structures present a ....etc

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Abstract

Civil engineers are now-a-days being offered a variety of reinforcing steels to resist corrosion of steel in concrete. Two in particular, CRS and MMFX , will be discussed in this write-up However, the author stresses that reinforced concrete construction professionals need to refocus their attention on concrete, the material they know best, rather than on the metallurgical mysteries expounded by specialists from another discipline. After all, as every civil engineer worth his salt knows, concrete is the first line of defence in th ....etc

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It is often desirable for structural steel members to pass through a fire wall
or common wall rather than being curtailed on each side of the wall. In such cases, the penetrating member will often be fire protected for a certain length on each side of the wall so as to minimise the possibility of fire spread through heat conduction and excessive temperature rise of the member on the unexposed side of the wall. This latter aspect is necessary to ensure that lateral restraint will continue to be provided to the top of the wall by the member on t ....etc

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Ranjit Sinha. ....etc

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ABSTRACT

The study investigates the characteristics strength performance and durability of Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) blended cement concrete exposed to sulphate environments. The principal characteristic measured was the compressive strength of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete and OPC/GSA concrete at varying substitution levels of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% after curing in water and three chemical solutions (MgSO4 , NaSO4 and Ca2 SO4 ) of varying concentrations of 0.5%, 1.5% and 2.5% each at 56 day hydration period. The results showed that the ....etc

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